Table 3 Bioactive peptides derived from milk of minor dairy species

Goat

ACE-inhibitory activity

ND

95.31%

(Bao et al. 2016)

LVYPFPGP (β-CN, f58–65)

TVDQHQ (αS2-CN, f182–187)

ND

(Minervini et al. 2003)

TGPIPN (β-CN, f78–83)

SLPQ (β-CN, f84–87)

SQPK (β-CN, f181–184)

IC₅₀ 316–354 μmol/L

(Geerlings et al. 2006)

ND

88.91%

(Chen et al. 2018)

ND

230.7 to 269.0 mg/mL

(Espejo-Carpio et al. 2014)

PEQSLACQCL (β-lg, residues 113–122)

QSLVYPFTGPI (β-CN, residues 56–66)

ARHPHPHLSFM (κ-CN, residues 96–106)

IC₅₀ 4.45 μM (whey fraction)

4.27 μM (Casein fraction)

(Ibrahim et al. 2017)

Anti-diabetic activity

SDIPNPIGSE (αS1-casein, f195–204)

NPWDQVKR (αS2-casein, f123–130) SLSSSEESITH (β-casein, f30–40) QEPVLGPVRGPFP (β-casein, f207–219)

ND

(Gong et al. 2020)

DPP–IV inhibitroy activity (Anti-diabetic activity)

MHQPPQPL (β-CN, f144–151)

SPTVMFPPQSVL (β-CN, f152–163)

VMFPPQSVL (β-CN, f155–163)

INNQFLPYPY (κ-casein, f51–60)

ND

(Zhang et al. 2015)

Anti-oxidant activity

ND

88.01 ± 0.69%

(Shu et al. 2018)

Anti-oxidant activity

ND

ABTS (SC₅₀ 4 μg/ mL) Iron chelation activity IC₅₀ 65 μg/ mL

(De Gobba et al. 2014)

Anti-oxidant activity

LHSMKEGNPAHQKQP (αs1-CN, f120–134) PLRVYVEELKP (β-Lg, f 38–48) PEQSLACQCL (β-Lg, f 113–122) SDIPNPIGSENSGKTTMPL (αs1-CN, f 180–198)

SLTLTDVEKLHLPL (β-CN, f 124–137)

ND

(Ahmed et al. 2015)

Anti-microbial activity

ND

Highest activity against E. coli and B. cereus

(Esmaeilpour et al. 2016)

Anti-bacterial activity

ND

Highest Activity against E. coli and S. aureus

(Lestari and Suyata 2019)

Anti-fungal activity

ND

Minimum inhibitory activity (3.9–62.5 g/L)

minimum fungicidal concentration (15.8–250 g/L)

(Luz et al. 2020)

ACE-inhibitory activity

ND

71.04 ± 0.37% to 83.31 ± 0.45%

(Shu et al. 2017)

Anti-bacterial peptides

ND

Minimum inhibitory activity 0.09 and

0.03 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus

(Osman et al. 2016)

ACE-inhibitory activity

ND

IC₅₀ value of 218.50 μg/ mL

(Espejo-Carpio et al. 2014)

Anti-microbial activity

FHKFICKMMKIYL

ND

(Tomazou et al. 2019)

ACE-inhibitory activity

VLPVPQKAVPQ,

VLPVPQKVVPQ

TQTPVVVPPFLQPEIMGVPKVKE

ND

(Aslam et al. 2018)

Anti-fungal activity

ISQYYQK (αS2-CN, f182–189)

FAWPQYLK (αS2-CN, f189–197)

Against Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus flavipes

(Zanutto-Elgui et al. 2019)

Camel Milk

Anti-oxidant activity

LEEQQQTEDEQQDQL (LL-15] YLEELHRLNAGY (YY-11)

RGLHPVPQ (RQ-8)

ND

(Homayouni-Tabrizi et al. 2017)

Anti-oxidant activity

ATTLEGKLVEL (Lactophorin B, f79 to 89)

KADAVTLDGGL (Lactoferrin, f53 to 63)

KFGRGKPSGFQL (Lactoferrin, f277 to 288)

ND

(Ibrahim et al. 2018)

Anti-microbial activity

IYMESPQPTDTSPAQ (Lactophorin, f14)

FRNTATQSEETKE (Lactophorin, f14)

QMVPYPQR (βCN, f14)

IASEDGGKTDVMPQ (α-S1 CN, f14)

SSFRNTATQSEE (α-S1 CN, f14)

Against Staphylococcus faecalis, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.

(Algboory and Muhialdin 2018)

ACE-inhibitory activity

LSLSQFKVLPVPQ (βCN, f178–191)

KVLPVPQQMVPYPQ (βCN, f185–198)

TDLENLHLPLPL (βCN, f144–155)

ND

(Alhaj 2017)

ACE-inhibitory activity

DLENLHLPLPL

LTDLENLHLPLPL

TDLENLHLPLP

TDLENLHLPLPL

TLTDLENLHLPLPL

(Jrad et al. 2014)

Anti-oxidant activity

ND

91.28% inhibition; 32.25% DPPH radical scavenging activity;

(Kumar et al. 2016a, 2016b)

Anti-oxidant activity

ND

1.6 μmol TEAC/mg protein and 0.25 μmol TEAC/μmol eq. NH₂

(Jrad et al. 2014)

ACE-inhibitory activity

ND

2.223 to 3.930 mg/mL

(Moslehishad et al. 2013)

Anti-inflammatory activity

ND

ID₉₀ 0.2 mg/mL

(Abu-qatouseh 2019)

Anti-obesity

KDLWDDFKGL

MPSKPPLL

ND

(Mudgil et al. 2018)

Cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity

KFQWGY

SQDWSFY

YWYPPQ

ND

(Mudgil et al. 2019)

DPP-IV inhibitory activity

FLQY (αs2-CN, f71–74)

FQLGASPY (αs1-CN, f168–175,

ILDKEGIDY (α-La, f95–103),

ILELA (αs1-CN, f28–32),

LLQLEAIR (αs1-CN, f108–115),

LPVP (β-CN, f172–175),

LQALHQGQIV (αs2-CN, f75–84),

MPVQA (β-CN, f186–190)

LPVP IC₅₀

87.0

MPVQA IC₅₀

93.3 μM

(Nongonierma et al. 2018)

ACE-inhibitory activity

Ala-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Asn-Gln-Asp (κ-CN, f107–115

IC₅₀ = 19.9 μmol/L

(Shuangquan et al. 2008)

ACE-inhibitory activity

ND

IC₅₀ 73 μg/mL

(Rahimi et al. 2016)

Anti-oxidant and ACE-inhibitory activity

MVPYPQR (β-CN, f 193–199)

8933.05 mM TEAC/mg peptide ACE-I IC₅₀ = 30 mM

(Soleymanzadeh et al. 2019)

ACE-inhibitory activity

VAHIPS (aS2-CN, f27–32)

IC50 ¼ > 1000 mmol/ L

(Tagliazucchi et al. 2016)

Anti-oxidant activity

RLDGQGRPRVWLGR (TFI-b1),

TPDNIDIWLGGIAEPQVKR (TFI-b2)

VAYSDDGENWTEYRDQGAVEGK

(TFI-b3)

IC₅₀

DPPH assay

1.9, 1.2 and 0.6 mg/mL

(Wali et al. 2020)

ABTS assay

2.4, 1.8 and 0.9 mg/mL

Sheep

ACE-inhibitory

PYVRYL (αs2-CN, f 203–208)

IC₅₀ 2.4 μM

(Gómez-Ruiz et al. 2007)

LKKISQ (αs2-CN, f 165–170)

IC₅₀ 2.6 μM

VRYL (αs2-CN, f 205–208)

IC₅₀ 24.1 μM

(BEG et al. 1985)

YIPIQY (κ-CN, f 25–30)

IC₅₀ 10 μM

(Qian et al. 1995)

EKDERF (κ-CN, f 12–17)

IC₅₀ 14.3 μM

IAK (κ-CN, f 22–24)

IC₅₀ 15.7 μM

LPYPY (κ-CN, f 56–60)

IC₅₀ 28.9 μM

MAIPPK (Casein macropeptide, f106–111), MAIPPKK (Casein macropeptide, f106–112)

–

(Manso and López-Fandiño 2003)

LQKW (β-LG, f 58–61)

IC₅₀ 3.5 μM

(Girardet et al. 2000)

LLF (β-LG, f 103–105)

IC₅₀ 82.4 μM

ALPMHIR (β-LG, f 142–148)

IC₅₀ 62.6 μM

(Papadimitriou et al. 2007)

IIVTQTMK (β-LG, f 1–8)

IC₅₀ 70.8 μM

IDALNENK (β-LG, f 84–91)

IC₅₀ 71.2 μM

Anti-oxidant

HPHPHLSF (κ-CN, f 98–105)

Potent inhibitor of linoleic acid oxidation

(Gómez-Ruiz et al. 2008)

Anti-microbial

VMFPPQSVL

(β-CN, f 155–163) and

VVAPFPEV (αs1-CN, f 24–31)

Active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species

(Rizzello et al. 2005)

Yak

ACE-inhibitory

PPEIN (κ-CN, f 156–160)

IC₅₀ 290 μM

(Jiang et al. 2007)

PLPLL (β-CN, f 136–140)

IC₅₀ 250 μM

YQKFPQY (αs2-CN, f 89–95), LQNIPPL (β-CN, f 70–77), SKVLPVPQK (β-CN, f 168–176), LPYPYY (κ-CN, f 56–61), FLPYPYY (κ-CN, f 55–61)

IC₅₀ 380 μM (highest activity)

Mare

ACE-inhibitory

YQNPRLGPTGELDPATQPIVAVHNPVIV (β-CN, f 217–241)

IC₅₀ 14.53 μM

(Chen et al. 2010)

PKDLREN (CPN1, f 144–150)

IC₅₀ 9.82 μM

LLLALILL

IC₅₀ 5.19 μM

NHRNRMMDHVH

IC₅₀ 13.42 μM

Donkey milk

Anti-oxidant activity and ACE-inhibitory activity

LNVSSETVES (β-CN)

GENLRLPVHL (β-CN)

IQPFMHQVPQ (β-CN)

ENSEKTDIIP (αs1-CN)

MGSTEIFPEE (αs2-CN)

IELSDEEKNY (αs2-CN)

IPQTMQDLDL (β-Lg)

QEVAGKWHSV (β-Lg)

AMAASDISLL (β-Lg)

DSESAPLRVY (β-Lg)

ND

(Aspri et al. 2018)

ACE-inhibitory activity

VAPFPQPVVP (β-CN, f176–185)

ND

(Bidasolo et al. 2012)

REWFTFLK

MPFLKSPIVPF

ND

(Zenezini Chiozzi et al. 2016)

Anti-oxidant activity

WFTFLKEAGQGAKDMWR

GQGAKDMWR

ND

Anti-microbial activity

ND

Inhibitory activity against E.coli and L. monocytogenes

(Tidona et al. 2011)