Table 1 List of recent studies showing the mycotoxin contamination in different food crops
From: Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review
S. No. | Food crop | Country | Fungus species | Type of Mycotoxin | Mycotoxin concentration (ppb) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Corn | Serbia | A.flavus, A. parasiticus | Total AFs | 1.01–86.10 | Kos et al. 2013 |
2. | Wheat | Saudi Arabia | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 | 2.3 2.6 1.3 0.5 | Al-Wadai et al. 2013 |
3. | Maize kernel | Hungary | A. flavus A. parasiticus | AFB1 | 72.6–73.3 | Dobolyi et al. 2013 |
4. | Red chili | Turkey | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 | 0.24–165 0.15–11.3 0.15–3.88 | Golge et al. 2013 |
5. | Groundnut | Ethiopia | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | Total AFs | 15–11,900 | Chala et al. 2013 |
6. | Fonio millet | Nigeria | A. flavus | AFB1,2 | 233.2–692.0 | Ezekiel et al. 2014 |
7. | Corn | India | A. flavus | AFB1 | 48–383 | Mudili et al. 2014 |
8. | Sorghum | Ethiopia | A. flavus | AFB1 AFB2 | 29.5 2.56 ppb | Chala et al. 2014 |
9. | Rice | Nigeria | A. flavus | AFB1 | 37.26–113.20 ppb | Anthony et al. 2014 |
10. | Cashew nuts | Brazil | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | Total AFs | 0.60–31.50 | Milhome et al. 2014 |
11. | Madidi | Nigeria | A. flavus A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFB2 | 0.2–125.60 0.95–18.4 | Anthony et al. 2014 |
12. | Rice | China | A. flavus | AFB1 | 0.03–20 | Lai et al. 2015 |
13. | Maize | Africa | A. flavus | AFB1 | 0.17–5.3 | Sirma et al. 2015 |
Millet | 0.14–6.4 | |||||
Sorghum | 0.15–210.1 | |||||
14. | Guava | Egypt | A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFG1 | 0.163 0.296 | Embaby & Hassan 2015 |
15. | Dried Fruits | Pakistan | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 0.04–9.80 | Masood et al. 2015. |
16. | Coffee beans | Spain | A. flavus | Fumonisins Total AFs | 58.62–537.45 0.25–13.12 | GarcÃa-Moraleja et al. 2015 |
17. | Soybean | Indonesia | A. flavus | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 | 1.50 0.88 0.18 0.43 | Pratiwi et al. 2015 |
18. | Hazelnut | Italy | A. flavus | AFB1 | 56.00 | Diella et al. 2018 |
Almond | 72.00 | |||||
Apricot | 56.3 | |||||
Pistachios | 48.0 | |||||
19. | Groundnut | Africa | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 72.97–195.17 | Magembe et al. 2016 |
132.7 | Sserumaga et al. 2021 | |||||
20. | Peanuts | Zambia | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 0.015–46.60 | Bumbangi et al. 2016 |
21. | Figs | Turkey | A. flavus A. parasiticus A. niger | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 | 0.1–12.5 0.07–0.72 0.08–15.3 0.1–0.38 | Kabak 2016 |
22. | Lentil | Turkey | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 0.57–1.74 | Baydan et al. 2016 |
23. | Rice | Pakistan | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 0.04–21.30 | Iqbal et al. 2016 |
24. | Quince | India | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFB2 | 12.32–241.291 8.231–149.103 | Bala et al. 2016 |
25. | Mango seeds | Nigeria | A. flavus, A. parasiticus A. parviscleroti | AFB1 Total AF Ochratoxin A | 68.1 61.7 43.4 | Ezekiel et al. 2016 |
Melon | AFB1 Total AF Ochratoxin A | 37.5 48.7 0.6 | ||||
26. | Sunflower | Tanzania | A. flavus | AFB1 | 2.8 | Mmongoyo et al. 2017. |
27. | Chilies. | United State (US) | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | <  2 | Singh & Cotty 2017 |
28. | Sesame |  Nigeria | A. flavus A. parasiticus A. niger | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 | 3.95–11.75 2.35 2.06 1.47 | Matthew et al. 2021 |
29. | Ginger | Nigeria | A.flavus, A. parasiticus | Total AFs | 0.11–9.52 | Lippolis et al. 2017. |
30. | Corn | Vietnam | A. flavus | Aflatoxin B1 | 1.0–34.80 | Lee et al. 2017 |
31. | Strawberry | Egypt | A. flavus, A. parasiticus A. niger | AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 | 24.7–51.8 25.8–58.9 33.0–75.2 31.2–71.1 | Saleem 2017 |
32. | Lentil | India | A. flavus | AFB1 | 3.8–8.6 | Nazir et al. 2019 |
Black pepper | AFB1 | 39.7–65.9 | ||||
Coriander | AFB1 | 33.4–67.9 | ||||
Cumin | AFB1 | 24.9–63.9 | ||||
Aniseed | AFB1 | 35.3–52.5 | ||||
Black gram beans | AFB1 | 4.8–15.4 | ||||
33. | Flax | United States | A. flavus A. parasiticus | AFB1 AFG1 AFB1 AFG1 AFB2 | 247 51 324 34 6 | Ting et al. 2020 |