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Table 3 Concentration of the glucosinolates identified in the microgreens under combined red, blue and amber LED.a Values are expressed as μg sinigrinb, glucobrassicinc or gluconasturtiind equivalents per g of microgreens (dry weight)

From: Effect of combined light-emitting diodes on the accumulation of glucosinolates in Brassica microgreens

  

B. juncea

B. rapa

R. sativus

Glucosinolate

LEDe

MB

MG

MSF

MO

MR

PC

RO

RR

Sinigrin

T1

745.9

837.4

931.5

9.6

451.3

23.4

0.9

1.8

T2

731.5

836.2

701.1*

162.4*

315.0*

32.7*

4.2*

118.9*

T3

727.0*

893*

925.3*

80.3*

224.6*

173.9*

0.5

97.3*

T4

566.4*

902.9*

884.2*

13.0

31.3*

33.7*

1.4

81.9*

T5

634.1*

697.8*

1001.3

9.9

169.7*

11.9*

1.3*

1.7

T6

658.6

953.5*

1009*

143.1*

222.9*

24.4

1.2

70.6*

T7

655.0*

815.5*

950.1

92.0*

297.2*

240.7*

18.9*

138.9*

T8

644.4*

702.5*

642.6*

11.0

194.4*

15.5*

1.4

6.4*

Glucoiberinc

T1

53.6

12.5

20.7

ND

ND

ND

19.3

16.3

T2

36.7*

11.0*

12.1*

ND

ND

ND

20.0

17.8*

T3

43.7*

12.0

17.8*

ND

ND

ND

20.2*

13.8*

T4

29.7*

9.3*

8.9*

ND

ND

ND

20.4*

14.2

T5

38.8*

12.5*

16.2*

ND

ND

ND

19.8*

15.6*

T6

40.2*

13.1*

14.8*

ND

ND

ND

22.2*

14.1*

T7

41.9*

12.5*

16.1*

ND

ND

ND

38.9*

18.8*

T8

40.5*

5.7*

7.0*

ND

ND

ND

20.9*

17.6*

Glucoraphaninc

T1

trace

trace

trace

62.1

61.2

105.1

58.9

60.8

T2

trace

trace

ND

82.7*

105.4

243.3

61.8

60.4

T3

ND

ND

ND

92.4*

187.0

129.3*

68.9*

58.3

T4

trace

0.5

ND

68.2

182.7

135.3

64.7*

52.0

T5

ND

1.6

trace

68.9*

139.7

94.0

80.6*

71.8*

T6

ND

trace

trace

97.1*

198.1

203.0

77.5

64.2

T7

trace

trace

trace

87.3

50.8

334.4*

90.0

75.6*

T8

ND

ND

ND

224.6*

118.6

126.7*

75.7*

133.1*

Progoitrinc

T1

9.7

5.7

14.1

950.0

1186.2

1076.1

2.2

ND

T2

9.8*

8.7*

8.8*

863.0*

1085.7*

1106.0*

ND

0.6

T3

12.8*

6.0*

6.2*

863.3*

1127.6*

757.8*

ND

ND

T4

8.6

7.7*

8.2*

866.8*

1150.0*

815.3*

ND

ND

T5

5.8*

6.5*

13.6*

1040.1*

1580.0*

581.6*

2.2

ND

T6

5.0*

7.6*

12.3*

971.1*

1330.5*

1239.3*

ND

ND

T7

12.3*

15.7*

7.0*

961.3*

1181.1*

1415.6*

4.4

1.1

T8

9.4*

10.8*

6.4*

916.3*

857.1*

773.7*

ND

ND

Gluconapinc

T1

311.0

461.0

233.6

411.1

247.7

288.1

33.3

0.6

T2

285.1*

482.1

133.1*

377.6*

218.4*

325.3*

1.4*

18.9*

T3

295.4*

512.5*

178.8*

371.0*

243.9*

235.4*

1.6*

4.2*

T4

258.6*

654.6

214.2

416.0

215.6

211.1

2.0

3.7

T5

224.9*

435.0

189.6

477.8

289.1

164.7

21.1

1.1

T6

222.2*

512.6*

241.3*

418.0*

242.8*

372.2*

3.0*

1.3*

T7

261.6*

514.4*

172.6*

396.0*

268.0*

303.2*

1.1*

35.9*

T8

245.6*

397.3*

114.8*

341.7*

151.0*

253.4*

1.4*

1.1*

Glucoerucinc

T1

3.5

ND

4.0

819.5

1151.8

1056.6

83.6

90.3

T2

5.9*

1.2

2.2*

437.4*

729.7*

1283.9*

69.7*

88.8

T3

2.6*

ND

ND

593.1*

924.0*

881.4

84.3*

95.5

T4

2.3*

ND

trace

490.4*

1201.6*

966.8

106.9*

82.4

T5

ND

ND

3.9

485.3*

1161.1

670.9*

100.0*

129.1*

T6

ND

ND

4.5*

608.9*

1368.0*

1147.5*

79.9*

85.4*

T7

4.1*

ND

ND

356.7

870.5*

791.1*

103.9*

100.3*

T8

ND

ND

ND

230.1*

588.7*

622.7*

44.6*

35.3*

Glucobrassicin

T1

160.7

322.5

561.5

786.0

983.0

912.6

1111.4

1666.6

T2

153.4*

312.3*

529.5*

712.3*

872.9*

896.7*

1215.5

1547.3*

T3

141.3*

332.5*

593.8*

683.2*

915.4*

641.0*

1375.6

1558.6*

T4

110.2*

359.8

540.4

674.6

815.9*

697.4*

2031.2*

1566.5*

T5

126.0*

260.6*

516.9*

771.4

826.4*

711.3

1307.8

1688.2*

T6

124.9*

305.6

667.7*

669.6

1028.0*

970.4*

1394.6*

1490.6*

T7

127.7*

314.7

609.2

772.7*

858.8*

677.9*

1251.7*

1208.5*

T8

111.2*

161.2*

348.7*

491.9*

432.2*

691.1

1337.2*

1057.5

Glucoalyssinc

T1

ND

ND

trace

219.2

145.1

91.1

5.8

6.0

T2

ND

1.2

ND

189.9*

131.3*

116.1

5.1

6.5*

T3

ND

trace

ND

210.5*

229.9

86.6

6.4

7.2*

T4

1.1

trace

trace

210.2*

239.6

91.3

7.5*

5.8

T5

ND

trace

ND

214.1*

150.6

61.9*

5.2*

6.7*

T6

ND

trace

ND

226.1*

238.0

122.6

6.0

6.4

T7

trace

1.6

ND

230.0

94.6

131.4*

8.9*

8.6*

T8

ND

trace

ND

316.9*

84.4*

73.2*

12.2*

9.6*

4-Methoxyglucobrassicind

T1

251.2

180.0

156.6

252.7

282.5

381.5

395.2

341.9

T2

250.4*

185.4

176.0*

261.5*

199.5*

424.7*

266.3*

339.1

T3

213.2*

185.5*

140.4*

254.8*

241.2*

428.2*

260.9*

295.6*

T4

258.1*

258.1*

182.8*

261.0*

289.2

439.0*

439.2*

338.7*

T5

188.1*

178.3

171.4*

266.2

219.3*

361.6*

231.5

298.8

T6

237.9*

184.3*

170.3*

221.2*

208.4*

452.6*

284.2*

303.8*

T7

228.9*

192.9*

164.2

255.3*

233.5*

350.0*

276.1*

266.6*

T8

236.2*

184.7*

197.0*

221.9*

190.7*

344.4*

442.6*

350.0*

4-Hydroxyglucobrassicind

T1

168.4

281.0

357.4

143.4

330.5

166.6

412.7

558.6

T2

140.3

272.9

279.9*

141.9*

248.7*

190.5*

498.3*

558.0

T3

120.7*

310.0*

333.6*

138.1*

271.8*

152.6*

457.1*

479.5*

T4

139.3

329.8*

335.7*

150.0

294.4*

131.5

523.6*

508.3

T5

83.4*

217.0*

331.8*

129.1*

258.5*

94.0*

555.6*

499.1

T6

155.7*

289.4*

416.8*

138.3*

335.2*

202.3*

453.0*

506.7*

T7

112.4*

287.0*

329.0*

132.7*

279.6*

130.1*

491.1

537.5*

T8

132.9*

145.3*

266.5*

79.9.0*

121.7*

86.2*

445.3*

444.6

Gluconapoleiferinc

T1

ND

ND

ND

58.7

62.2

38.9

ND

ND

T2

ND

ND

ND

73.3*

48.0*

34.1

ND

ND

T3

ND

ND

ND

55.5*

55.3*

25.1*

ND

ND

T4

ND

ND

ND

58.3*

61.1

22.7*

ND

ND

T5

ND

ND

ND

70.1*

66.4

13.1*

ND

ND

T6

ND

ND

ND

64.0*

63.4*

40.9*

ND

ND

T7

ND

ND

ND

63.3*

59.0*

36.4*

ND

ND

T8

ND

ND

ND

59.3*

30.6*

14.9*

ND

ND

Neoglucobrassicind

T1

164.9

228.2

168.0

1016.2

698.5

927.4

9.4

ND

T2

180.2*

285.1*

161.7*

1234.1*

809.8*

1018.4*

ND

ND

T3

205.5*

227.0*

132.2*

897.4*

656.5*

756.5

ND

4.2

T4

134.2*

249.9

140.5*

1117.3*

644.1*

843.8*

ND

ND

T5

339.3*

176.1*

126.0*

1468.9

674.0*

549.5*

3.0*

ND

T6

128.1*

227.3*

148.4*

1067.6*

687.3*

1095.2*

ND

ND

T7

212.6*

238.9*

162.1*

1301.3*

670.8*

1135.9*

8.9

11.8

T8

184.9*

150.4*

95.0*

1105.1*

396.8*

599.5*

ND

ND

Gluconasturtiine

T1

137.8

115.2

192.7

339.4

509.5

355.8

1.8

ND

T2

141.6*

95.6*

145.2*

219.8*

276.5*

366.3*

0.9*

1.8

T3

190.1*

103.5*

161.0*

259.5*

433.5*

251.7*

1.6*

2.4

T4

88.5*

142.7*

187.6

328.0*

498.0*

284.9*

ND

1.6

T5

170.6*

69.2*

183.8

294.8

410.9*

204.6*

1.7*

1.1

T6

93.5*

100.0

211.6*

284.7*

553.8*

441.8*

1.2*

1.3

T7

85.8*

94.6

169.8*

190.0*

356.1*

305.8*

1.7*

3.2

T8

76.6*

70.4*

121.1*

195.7*

152.2*

170.1*

ND

1.1

  1. MB: mustard (Barbarossa); MG: mustard (Garnet Giant); MSF: mustard (Scarlet Frills); MO: mizuna (Organic); MR: mizuna (Red Kingdom); PC: Pac choi (Red Pac); RR/RO: Radish (Red Rambo)/Organic
  2. ND: not detected; trace: found in trace quantities; *significantly different from control (p < 0.05)
  3. a-d Only one extraction replica was used for quantification, as the semi-targeted analysis revealed high fidelity (RSD < 5%) of extracted samples in all microgreens tested
  4. e LED treatment: T1, 4.73A:20.52B:74.36R (control); T2, 6.74A:22.68B:70.25R; T3, 9.51A:24.13B:65.91R; T4, 12.02A:26.26B:61.14R; T5,12.57A:44.31B:42.39R; T6, 14.53A:30.18B:51.82R; T7, 18.45A:33.51B:47.48R; T8, 39.46A:58.94B:0.57R
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