Table 1 Proximate composition and functional properties of raw materials

 Moisture (%)

11.72 ± 0.86^b

9.95 ± 0.61^a

9.73 ± 0.56^a

 Crude protein (%)

12.27 ± 0.93^c

7.28 ± 0.53^a

10.21 ± 0.59^b

 Crude fat (%)

1.21 ± 0.13^c

0.87 ± 0.09^a

1.02 ± 0.11^ab

 Crude fiber (%)

1.87 ± 0.17^c

0.73 ± 0.08^a

1.14 ± 0.12^b

 Ash (%)

0.44 ± 0.05^b

0.32 ± 0.04^a

0.41 ± 0.06^b

 WAC (mL/g)

0.92 ± 0.08^a

1.03 ± 0.09^a

0.97 ± 0.08^a

 OAC (mL/g)

0.87 ± 0.07^c

0.51 ± 0.05^a

0.62 ± 0.09^b

 SP

16.15 ± 0.49^a

19.14 ± 0.56^b

18.33 ± 0.51^b

 SI (%)

9.63 ± 0.21^c

4.05 ± 0.11^a

6.72 ± 0.17^b

 FC (%)

18.41 ± 0.52^c

2.52 ± 0.18^a

9.67 ± 0.34^b

 FS (%)

7.81 ± 0.35^c

0.73 ± 0.06^a

3.39 ± 0.15^b

 BD (g/cm³)

0.52 ± 0.04^a

0.64 ± 0.05^b

0.58 ± 0.04^ab