Table 1 The bioactivity and characteristics of brown seaweeds
From: Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years
Compounds | Algae source | Activities | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Polysaccharide | Sargassum fusiforme | Immune regulation | CD14/IKK/NF-κB and P38/NF-κB signaling pathways were induced to enhance immunity | Chen et al. 2018 |
Laminaria japonica | Anti-hyperlipidemia | Regulate mRNA transcription and protein expression levels associated with liver lipid metabolism | Zhang et al. 2020 | |
Sulfated polysaccharide | Undaria pinnatifida | Hypoglycemic | Zhong et al. 2021 | |
Sargassumhenslowianum C. Agardh, Fucus vesiculosus | Antitumor | The proliferation of melanoma cells was inhibited, and apoptosis was induced by caspase-3 activation in vitro | Ale et al. 2011 | |
Sargassum fulvellum | Anti-inflammatory | Lps-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was inhibited by NF-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells | Gwon et al. 2013 | |
Sargassum cristaefolium | Anti-inflammatory | The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was significantly inhibited by inhibition of phosphorylation of P-38, ERK and JNK signaling proteins and LPS-stimulated nuclear factor-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells | ||
Alginate | Laminaria japonica | Antiallergic | In OVA-triggered mice, inhibiting mast cell degranulation in the jejunum, maintaining T cell balance, and recovering allergic mediator overproduction | Yu et al. 2020 |
Brown seaweed | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | To prevent McT-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling by inhibiting TGFβ1/p-Smad2 signaling pathway | Feng et al. 2020 | |
Brown seaweed | Anti-obesity, immunoregulation | Alleviating obesity and chronic metabolic diseases by enhancing the biological function of the small intestine, especially the colon; It plays an immunomodulatory role by restoring the structure and function of colon genome | Wang et al. 2018 | |
Brown seaweed | Anti-inflammatory | Secreted mRNAMuc2 and membrane associated Muc1, Muc3, and Muc4 are expressed in the small intestine. In indomethacin induced SII, alginate prevented the increase of MUC1-4 mRNA expression | Horibe et al. 2016 | |
Fucoidan | Fucus vesiculosus | Anti-inflammatory | By inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK and Akt activation in LPS-induced BV2 microglia | Park et al. 2011 |
Sargassum polycystum | Antioxidant, anticancer | The antioxidant and anticancer properties (breast and colon cancer cell lines) were evaluated by cytomorphologic and nuclear morphological analyses | Palanisamy et al. 2018 | |
Fucus vesiculosus | Anti-angiogenesis, Antitumor | Inhibition of HIF-1α inhibits the expression of VEGF to induce apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis, thus playing an anticancer role in ATC cells | Shen et al. 2017 | |
Undaria pinnatifida | Antiphotoaging | By regulating sirT-1 /PGC-1α signaling pathway to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production is inhibited and UV-induced skin photoaging is improved | Jing et al. 2021 | |
Sargassum fusiforme | Anti-angiogenic | Structural characterization and inhibition of tube formation and migration in human microvascular endothelial cells | Cong et al. 2016 | |
Mannitol | Brown seaweed | Osmotic | Holdt et al. 2011 | |
Padina boergesenii | Free radical scavenger | Karthikeyan et al. 2010 | ||
Laminarin | Brown seaweed | Immunostimulatory | To evaluate the immune stimulatory effects on inflammatory mediators such as calcium, H2O2, NO, cytokines, transcription factors and immune response genes in macrophages of RAW 264.7 mice | Lee et al. 2012 |
Brown seaweed | Anticancer | Inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth through mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress | Bae et al. 2020 | |
Salicornia herbacea | Antioxidant | Stimulation of glucose uptake via the AMPK-p38 MAPK pathway in L6 muscle cells | Ji et al. 2020 | |
Laminaria digitata | Antibacterial | To evaluate its inhibitory effect on the growth and toxigenic production of Aspergillus flavus | Hu et al. 2012 | |
Oligosaccharide | Sargassum confusum | Anti-diabetic | It can improve hepatic insulin resistance by regulating IRS1/PI3K and JNK signaling pathways and regulate intestinal flora | Yang et al. 2019 |
Peptide | Undaria pinnatifida | Antihypertension | Animal experimental feeding was performed to evaluate whether hypertension was significantly inhibited in spontaneously hypertensive rats | Sato et al. 2002 |
Lectin | Hizikia fusiformis | Antioxidant | The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging activity of hydroxyl, DPPH and ABTS + radicals | |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Undaria pinnatifida | Anti-inflammatory | Their inhibitory effect on inflammatory symptoms such as edema, erythema and blood flow were evaluated in animal experiments | Khan et al. 2007 |
Fucosterol | Undaria pinnatifida | Anti-inflammatory | The coordinated regulation of IKK significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages through NF-κB inactivation | Yoo et al. 2012 |
Pelvetia siliquosa | Anti-oxidant | Serum transaminase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were evaluated | Lee et al. 2003 | |
Ecklonia stolonifera | Antidiabetic | Inhibition of PTP1B activates insulin signaling pathway in insulin resistant HepG2 cells | Jung et al. 2016 | |
Ecklonia stolonifera | Anti-obesity | Inhibition of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression resulted in reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | ||
Sterol | Sargassum horneri | Antidepressant | The levels of major monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the mouse brain were also evaluated by structural characterization | Zhao et al. 2016 |
Jolyna laminarioides | Hypolipidemic | Solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, methanol) and fractions containing alginate sterols were evaluated, and marker enzyme levels in the heart and liver were compared | Ruqqia et al. 2020 | |
Fucosterol and phlorotannins | Eisenia bicyclis | Anti-inflammatory | The expression of inflammatory genes regulated by NF-κB was inhibited by ROS inhibition | Jung et al. 2013 |
Carotenoid (fucoxanthine) | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Antiproliferative, antioxidant | Increased fucoxanthin caspase 3/7 activity and dose-dependent antioxidant effect resulted in decreased chemiluminescence of blood neutrophils and a greatly increased ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione | Neumann et al. 2019 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Anti-obesity | Selected genes related to lipid and energy metabolism were analyzed for weight gain, fat depots weight, adipocyte size distribution and expression in adipose tissue, as well as parameters related to glucose control | Gille et al. 2019 | |
Laminaria | Antitumor | The cell cycle was inhibited, and apoptosis was induced by regulating the expression of p53, p21, Fas, PUMA, Bcl-2 and caspase-3/8 | Mei et al. 2017 | |
Brown seaweed | Neuroprotection | Regulation of NrF2-ARE and NrF2-autophagy pathways provides neuroprotection in TBI models | Zhang et al. 2017 | |
Phlorotannin | Ecklonia stolonifera | Anti-adipogenic, activity | Inhibit lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells by inhibiting C/EBP and PPAR expression | |
Ecklonia stolonifera | Anti-Tyrosinase, antioxidant | Reduce melanin content and tyrosinase activity, as well as down-regulated production of melanin-producing enzymes (tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2) | Manandhar et al. 2019 | |
Eisenia bicyclis | Anti-obesity | Inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity | Eom et al. 2013 | |
Ishige foliacea | Memory improvement | The ERK-CREB-BDNF pathway is regulated to improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment | Um et al. 2018 |