Table 2 The bioactivity and characteristics of red seaweeds
From: Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years
Compounds | Algae source | Activities | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Polysaccharide | Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-aging | Through the insulin pathway, Daf-16 increased the adult lifespan of wild-type and polyQ nematodes | Wang et al. 2019 |
Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-inflammatory | Inflammatory responses were reduced by decreasing levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the colon and MPO activity | Han et al. 2020 | |
Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-obesity | Regulation of lipid metabolism and inhibition of fat accumulation in body organs through SCFAs dependent pathway | Sun et al. 2018 | |
Chondrus canaliculatus | Antioxidant, kidney and blood protectant | The antioxidant and therapeutic potential of MB-induced hematological and nephrotoxicity were simultaneously evaluated by its structural characteristics | Jaballi et al. 2019 | |
Sulfated polysaccharide | Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-Food Allergic | KU812 activation was inhibited by inhibition of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase | Liu et al. 2016 |
Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-diarrhea | Inhibition of immunoglobulin A secretion by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines | Liu et al. 2019 | |
Sulfated oligosaccharide | Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Anti-allergic | Protected mice from food allergy by upregulating immunosuppression | Liu et al. 2020 |
Gracilaria lemaneiformis | Immunoregulation | MTOR signaling and T cells were regulated to inhibit their activation and IFNγ production | Liu et al. 2022 | |
Carrageenan | Gigartina pistillata | Antitumour | Structural identification was performed by FTIR-ATR, and the area of tumor spheres and viability of SW620 and SW480 cells were evaluated | |
Laurencia papillosa | Anti-proliferative | The proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by up-regulating pro-apoptotic genes caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 | Jazzara et al. 2016 | |
Acanthophora specifira | Antiviral | Gomaa & Elshoubaky et al. 2016 | ||
Gigartina skottsbergii | Anticoagulant, anti-herpes simplex virus | Carrageenan binds to viral envelope glycoproteins and prevents the virus from binding to cell-surface receptors | Carlucci et al. 1997 | |
Agar | Red seaweed | Antiviral | Geetha & Tuvikene 2021 | |
Gracilaria gigas | Antidiabetic | Hardoko et al. 2015 | ||
Red seaweed | Anti-colon cancer | Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells | Yun et al. 2021 | |
Gelidium amansii | Anti-inflammatory | Anti-inflammatory is achieved by increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and levels of lipolysis proteins | Lee et al. 2018 | |
Glycoprotein | Porphyra yezoensis | Anti-inflammatory | It plays an anti-inflammatory role by regulating TLR4 signaling, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases | Shin et al. 2011 |
Phycobiliproteins | Palmaria palmata | Anti-inflammatory | Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by stimulation of macrophages and paw edema in mice induced by carrageenan | Lee et al. 2017 |
Palmariapalmata | Anti-inflammatory | Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide levels were reduced in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells), as was proinflammatory mediator secretion | Lee et al. 2012 | |
Porphyra haitanensis | Antitumor | By increasing the immune and antioxidant capacity of S180 tumor-bearing mice, it promoted apoptosis by increasing protease gene expression and TNF-α secretion | Pan et al. 2013 | |
Pyropia yezoensis | Antioxidant | Nrf2-sod pathway is involved in phycoerythrin mediated antioxidant effects | Kim et al. 2018 | |
Bioactive peptide | Pyropia yezoensis | Anti-inflammatory | Macrophages were stimulated to exert potent inhibitory activity, reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines (inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in a dose-dependent manner | Lee et al. 2015 |
Lectin | Amansia multifida | Anti-inflammatory | Edema formation is reduced by modulating the action of vascular mediators, neutrophil migration, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress control | Mesquita et al. 2021 |
Bryothamnion seaforthii | Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant | Decrease insulin resistance and improve pancreatic β cell function and enzyme activity | Alves et al. 2020 | |
Mycosporine-like amino acids | Chondrus crispus | Ultraviolet light protection | Karsten et al. 1998 | |
Gelidium corneum Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis | Antioxidant | Water-soluble free radicals, antioxidant activity in lipid media and superoxide free radical scavenging ability were evaluated | De et al. 2009 | |
Fatty acid | Palmariapalmata | Anti-inflammatory | Inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells | Banskota et al. 2014 |
Grateloupia turuturu | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | The radical removal of p-2, 2-diphenyl-1-sulfamide (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic was evaluated. The potential to carry out acid (ABTS) free radicals and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated based on the ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme | Da et al. 2021 | |
Sterol | Laurencia papillosa | Antibacterial | The antibacterial activity was tested on Gram-negative human pathogens and the active components were characterized | Kavita et al. 2014 |
Polyphenol | Eucheuma cottonii | Tumour-suppressive | The tumor was inhibited by inducing apoptosis, down-regulating endogenous estrogen biosynthesis and improving the antioxidant status of rats | Namvar et al. 2012 |
Laurencia undulata | Anti-asthmatic | Inhibition of OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthmatic mice | Jung et al. 2009 | |
Bromphenol | Symphyocladia latiuscula | Anti-alzheimer’s disease | It was characterized by inhibition of cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein lyase 1 (BACE1), and glycogen synthase kinase | Paudel et al. 2019 |
Vertebrata lanosa | Antioxidant | Olsen et al. 2013 | ||
Symphyocladia latiuscula | Antioxidant | It protects HaCaT skin cells from oxidative damage through NrF2-mediated pathway | Dong et al. 2021 | |
Polysiphonia morrowii | Anti-inflammatory | Inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting ROS-mediated ERK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages | Choi et al. 2018 | |
Carotenoid | Gracilariopsis tenuifrons | Antioxidant | Zubia et al. 2014 | |
Red seaweed | Anti-inflammatory, anticancer | Ávila-Román et al. 2021 | ||
Gracillaria sp. | Anticancer | It effectively attenuates the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by regulating various molecular pathways | Kavalappa et al. 2019 | |
Alkaloids | Gracilaria sp. | Anti-Inflammatory | Souza et al. 2020 | |
Gracilaria edulis | Antibacterial | Kasanah et al. 2019 |