Table 1 Comparison of composition of bovine colostrum with mature milk

Total solids (%)

12.9

24–28

Playford and Weiser (2021)

Fat (%)

3.6–4.0

6–7

Zou et al. (2015)

Palmitoleic ω-7 C16:1

1.73–1.75

1.57–1.58

Linoleic ω-6 C18:2

7.06–7.09

6.53–6.55

Linolenic ω-3 C18:3

0.43–0.45

0.61–0.63

Oleic ω-9 trans C18:1

0.59–0.60

0.76–0.77

Gadoleic ω-9 C20:1

0.75–0.85

1.02–1.05

PUFA

9.45–9.55

10.28–11.00

MUFA

36.69–37.10

44.01–44.05

SFA

53.86–53.96

45.71–46.00

Saturated Fatty Acid

53.86–53.90

45.71–45.90

Lactose (%)

4.7–5.0

2.0–3.0

McGrath et al. (2016)

 Protein (%)

3.1–3.2

14.0–16.0

Playford and Weiser (2021); Samarütel et al. (2016)

 Albumin (%)

0.4–0.5

1.7–3.49

 Casein (%)

2.5–2.6

4.8–5.0

 Immunoglobulins (mg/mL)

0.4–0.9

42.0–90.0

Elfstrand et al. (2002); (Buttar et al. (2017); Bagwe et al. (2015)

 IgA (g/L)

0.04–0.06

3.2–6.2

 IgG1 (g/L)

0.31–0.40

34.0–87.0

 IgG2 (g/L)

0.03–0.08

1.6–6.0

 IgM (g/L)

0.03–0.06

3.7–6.1

 Sodium (g/kg)

≈ 0.4

0.7–1.1

Godden et al. (2019)

 Calcium (g/kg)

1.2–1.3

2.6–4.7

 Potassium (g/kg)

1.5–1.7

1.4–2.8

 Magnesium (g/kg)

0.11–0.13

0.4–0.7

 Phosphorus (g/kg)

0.9–1.2

≈ 4.5

 Zinc (mg/kg)

3.0–6.0

11.6–38.1

 Vitamin A (μg/100 mL)

34.0–35.0

25.0–26.0

Arslan et al. (2021); Godden et al. (2019)

 Tocopherol (E) (μg/g)

0.06

2.92–5.63

 Thiamin (B1) (μg/mL)

0.4–0.5

0.58–0.90

 Niacin (B3) (μg/mL)

0.8–0.9

0.34–0.96

 Riboflavin (B2) (μg/mL)

1.5–1.7

4.55–4.83

 Vitamin D (IU/g fat)

0.41

0.89–1.81

 Lysozyme (mg/L)

0.07–0.6

0.14–0.7

Boudry et al. (2008)

 Lactoferrin (g/L)

0.1–0.3

1.5–5.0

Boudry et al. (2008)

 Lactoperoxidase (mg/L)

13.0–30.0

11.0–45.0

Arslan et al. (2021)

 Growth hormone (mg/L)

< 0.03

< 1 mg

Bagwe-Parab et al. (2020)

 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (μg/L)

200–600

50–2000

McGrath et al. (2016)

 TGFβ1 (μg/L)

0.8–3.5

12.0–43.0

 Insulin (ng/mL)

0.042–0.34

4.2–34.4

Georgiev (2008)