Table 2 List of different bioactive compounds present in different parts of bitter apple and their mode of action
Bioactive compounds | Specific constituents | Activity | Mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids | Iso-vitexin, iso-orientin, iso-orientin 3′-methylether | Anti-tumor, Anti- inflammatory, Anti-diarrheal | Prevents the production of autacoids as well as prostaglandins. Enhances the regularization of abnormal transport of water all over intestinal mucosa. | Hussain et al. 2014 |
Cucurbitacin | Colocynthosides A, Curcubitacin B | Anti-cancer, Antimicrobial | Membrane compression attributes are present Disruption of membrane | Ali et al. 2012 |
Glycosides | Cucurbitacin E 2-O-D-glucopyranoside, cucurbitacin E | Anti-diarrheal, Anti-allergic | Prevents the production of autacoids as well as prostaglandins. | Hussain et al. 2014 |
Steroids | Not specified | Anti-diarrheal | Improve Na + and water holding capacity in the intestine | Uma & Sekar 2014 |
Saponins | Not specified | Anti-cancerous | Membrane compression attributes. | Uma & Sekar 2014 |
Alkaloids | Choline | Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic | Nitrate production is reduced, which is beneficial to protein biosynthesis | Ali et al. 2012 |
Terpenes and Terpenoids | Thymol, linalool, geraniol, linalyl acetate, carvacrol and menthol | Antimicrobial | Disrupt the membranes of microorganisms thereby affecting the permeability of the microbial cell. Alteration of their ability to carry out osmoregulation | Banjo et al. 2021 |
Phenols | Not specified | Antimicrobial | Inhibits adhesion in some pathogens. Also disintegrate the cell membrane of the microbes which resulted in the porosity of the cell and thus affects the functionality of the cell | Banjo et al. 2021 |