Table 1 Bioactive peptides from different sources regulate lipid metabolism
From: Research progress in lipid metabolic regulation of bioactive peptides
Source of peptides | Function | Peptide sequence |
|---|---|---|
Bean peptides | ||
 Bean dipeptides | Reduced TG synthesis ApoB secretion | KA, VK, SY |
 Soybean peptides | Up-regulated ABCG5/ABCG8 and FGF15/19; down-regulated CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 | ALEPDHRVESEGGL, SLVNNDDRDSYRLQSGDAL |
 Chickpea peptides | Reduced expression of HMGR for inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis | VFVRN |
 Black bean protein hydrolysates | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity; inhibited 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, and lipid accumulation prevention | ND |
 Pinto bean hydrolysates | Inhibited lipase activity; conjugated bile acid | ND |
Cereal and tuber peptides | ||
 Quinoa protein hydrolysates | Inhibited lipid accumulation and suppressed 3T3-L1 cell differentiation through PPAR-γ | ND |
 Millet peptides | Inhibited lipase activity | ND |
 Oat peptides | Inhibited lipase activity | SPFWNINAH |
 De-oiled rice bran peptides | Inhibited lipase activity | FYLGYCDY |
 Rice bran protein hydrolysates | Restricted excretion of bile salts, exhibited cholesterol micellar binding ability, and inhibited HMGCR activity | ND |
 Potato protein hydrolysates | Activated AMPK pathway and reduced liver fat deposition | ND |
 Brewer’s spent grain peptides | Inhibited cholesterol esterase and pancreatic lipase activity | WNIHMEHQDLTTME, DFGIASF, LAAVEALSTNG |
 Huangjiu peptides | Improved serum and liver physicochemical indexes; restoration of the diversity and structure of gut microorganisms | ND |
Nutty peptides | ||
 Walnut meal peptides | Improved serum and liver physicochemical indexes; regulation of Apo-B, Apo-A1, and CYP7A1; inhibited LCAT, HMGR, and FAS activities | ND |
 Cocoa proteolytic peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity; promoted excretion of TG and TC in rats | EEQR, GGER, QTGVQ, VSTDVNIE |
Other plant peptides | ||
 Olive seed protein hydrolysates | Inhibited cholesterol esterase, bile acid binding and reduced the solubility of cholesterol in micelles | ND |
 Chia peptides | Reduced enzymatic reaction velocity of HMGCR | ND |
 Cumin seed peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, bile acid binding, and reduced the solubility of cholesterol in micelles | ND |
 Sunflower protein hydrolysates | Reduced the solubility of cholesterol in micelles | ND |
 Seabuckthorn seed peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity | EEAASLR, FR, RDR, VR, APYR, and NLLHR |
Algal peptides | ||
 Chlorella protein hydrolysates | Reduced liver TC and TG levels | ND |
 Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysates | Reduced weight, serum glucose, and TC; regulated PPAR, adipocytokine, AMPK, and MAPK | ND |
Peptides from aquatic animals | ||
 Cod meat peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity | GSPPPSG, KLEGDLK |
 Fish goby protein hydrolysates | Regulated serum TC, TG, LDL-C as well as hepatic TC and TG levels, and increased serum HDL-C content | ND |
 Tuna peptides | Reduced lipid components and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and expressions of C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ | ND |
 Ark shell protein hydrolysates | Down-regulated PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1c; increased HSL and leptin expression | ND |
 Sea cucumber collagen peptides | Reduced TC, TG content and AI | ND |
 Trachinotus ovatus protein hydrolysates | Reduced TC, LDL-C and AI; increased HDL-C content | ND |
Egg and milk-derived peptides | ||
 Egg white protein hydrolysates | Regulate intestinal microorganisms | ND |
 Casein peptides | Regulate ABCG5, CYP7A1, and CYP8B1; improved fecal cholesterol secretion | SQSKVLPVPQK, HPHPHLSF |
 Cow peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase activity | MMML, FDML, HLPGRG, LP |
 Camel casein peptides | Inhibited pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase activity | AAGF, FLWPEYGAL, LP, MSNYF |
 Kefir peptides | Decreased weight gain and fat deposition; reduced FAS protein and increased p-acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein levels; up-regulated AMPK, PPAR, and CPT-1 | ND |
Livestock organ or tissue peptides | ||
 Pork and chicken skin collagen hydrolysates | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity | ND |
 Collagen peptides | Reduced visceral fat content | ND |
 Cattle heart peptide | Reduced TC, non-HDL cholesterol, hepatic cholesterol levels, and AI; increased serum HDL-C, fecal cholesterol, and acidic steroid excretion; down-regulated ABCA1 expression; reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells | PF |
Synthetic peptides | ||
 Synthetic tripeptides | Hypolipidemic effect on atherogenic lipoproteins; decreased the intensity of LPO; normalized the content of HDL | KEW-NH2 |
 D3 | Reduced the weight of mice; improved leptin resistance, up-regulated the expression of UGN and inhibited appetite; increased enteromyxophilic Ackermann bacteria | ND |
 RF13 | Down-regulated C/EBPα, SREBP1, and FAS | ND |
 PF-06409577 | Reduced the level of mevalonate in plasma; reduced plasma TC and increased plasma HDL-C | ND |