Table 2 Socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the study participants
From: Dietary patterns associated with the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Variables | Cases n = 100 | Controls n = 100 | p- Value |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | |||
Age (years) | |||
(50–60) yr | 70(70) | 77(77) | |
(60–70) yr | 26(26) | 16(16) | 0.550 |
> 70 yr | 4(4) | 7(7) | |
Marital Status | |||
Married | 81(81) | 77(77) | |
Single | 6(6) | 1(1) | 0.206 |
Divorced | 3(3) | 6(6) | |
Widow | 10(10) | 16(16) | |
Educational Level | |||
Illiterate | 12(12) | 5(5) | |
Primary | 31(31) | 26(26) | |
High school | 40(40) | 35(35) | |
Diploma | 13(13) | 18(18) | 0.002 |
Bachelor | 4(4) | 16(16) | |
Master | 0(0) | 0(0) | |
Work Status | |||
Employee | 15(15) | 7(7) | |
Unemployed | 85(85) | 93(93) | 0.020 |
Cigarette Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 91(91) | 88(88) | |
Smoker | 9(9) | 12(12) | 0.491 |
Argila/Hookah Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 98(98) | 93(93) | 0.089 |
Smoker | 2(2) | 7(7) | |
Sleeping Hours Weekday | |||
Short (4–6) | 55(55) | 43(43) | |
Moderate (6–8) | 42(42) | 53(53) | 0.085 |
Long (8–12) | 3(3) | 4(4) | |
Sleeping Hours Weekend | |||
Short (4–6) | 6(6) | 12(12) | |
Moderate (6–8) | 89(89) | 76(76) | 0.453 |
Long (8–12) | 5(5) | 12(12) | |
BMI | |||
Underweight | 1(1) | 0(0) | |
Normal | 18(18) | 21(21) | |
Overweight | 34(34) | 45(45) | 0.196 |
Obese | 47(47) | 34(34) | |
Physical Activity | |||
Inactive | 0(0) | 0(0) | |
Minimally active | 83(83) | 76(76) | 0.222 |
HEPA active | 17(17) | 24(24) | |
Family History of Osteoporosis | |||
Yes | 31(31) | 14(14) | |
No | 40(40) | 55(55) | 0.258 |
Don’t know | 29(29) | 31(31) | |
Mean ± SD | P-Value | ||
Age (Yr.) | 56.5 ± 6.5 | 55.9 ± 7.3 | 0.550 |
Height (Cm) | 158.8 ± 6.2 | 161.0 ± 5.6 | 0.012 |
Weight (Kg) | 75.2 ± 14.6 | 74.5 ± 11.9 | 0.708 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 5.4 | 28.8 ± 4.6 | 0.196 |
Bone Density (T-score) | -2.6 ± 0.40 | -0.9 ± 0.60 | 0.001 |
Physical Activity (MET/Week) | 2451.9 ± 671.2 | 2503.5 ± 776.3 | 0.222 |
Number of cigarettes per day | 0.94 ± 3.5 | 1.7 ± 5.2 | 0.190 |
Years of smoking | 1.7 ± 6.3 | 2.4 ± 7.3 | 0.470 |
Argila/Hookah per day | 0.04 ± 0.24 | 0.15 ± 0.73 | 0.089 |
Duration of breastfeeding (month) | 12.1 ± 7.9 | 11.2 ± 7.2 | 0.393 |