Table 1 Various functional ingredients used as functional food components for proclaimed health benefits

GI tract health

Lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium, oligosaccharides, dietary fibres

(Walter 2008), (O’Callaghan & van Sinderen 2016), (Walsh et al. 2020),

Reduction of triglycerides

eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, dextrin, tea polyphenols

(Chahal et al. 2014; (Razdan & Pettersson 1994)

Cholesterol, LDL reduction

Chitosan, Chitin, Soy protein hydrolysate, Hesperetin

(Bokura & Kobayashi 2003), (Cho et al. 2007), (Kim et al. 2003)

Control of hypertension

Lactobacillus Helveticas derived Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro, γ-aminobutylic acid

(Bokura & Kobayashi 2003)

Antiviral property

Glycyrrhizin, Epigallocatechin gallate

(Cinatl et al. 2003), (Zhong et al. 2012)

Blood sugar level

Dextrin, guava polyphenol

(Sharma et al. 2022; Aliasgharzadeh et al. 2015; (Deguchi & Miyazaki 2010)

Tooth care

Palatinose, mannitol, erythritol, xylitol, tea polyphenol (prevent streptococcus mutants

(Gupta 2018) (Xu et al. 2011)

Mineral uptake

Casein phosphor peptide, calcium citrate malate

(Erba et al. 2002), (Reinwald et al. 2008)

Eye health

Lutein, blueberry anthocyanins

(Kizawa et al. 2021)

Memory and cognitive function

Ginko biloba, DHA, EPA

(Jackson et al. 2016)

Joint functions

Collagen hydrolysate, glucosamine

(Moskowitz 2000), (Zhu et al. 2018)