Table 3 Toxicological and dose considerations of functional food components
Name | Toxicological aspect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Glycyrrhizin | Non-mutagenic, non-teratogenic, anti-genotoxic properties. Actively inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, the fetoplacental barrier that provides greater cortisol levels in children and thus associates with HPAA function. Safe oral dose: 10 mg or less | (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006b; Omar et al. 2012; Räikkönen et al. 2010) |
EGCG | High antioxidant property, Pro-oxidative properties at larger doses. Associated with hepatotoxicity at higher doses Safe oral dose: 800 mg/ day or less | |
Allicin and Diallyl Trisulfide | Cause allergic reactions and toxicity in normal infant body cells. Diallyl sulphate is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2E1 and inhibits the metabolism of xenobiotics such as analgesic drugs. A dose of 1 mg or less of allicin twice daily is considered safe. | |
Fucoidan | No oral toxicity is observed. Plays a vital role in preventing neurotoxic effects caused by beta-amyloid A daily dose of 4 g seaweed for up to two months is considered safe. | |
Carrageenan | Toxicological properties at higher doses Non carcinogenic It is not absorbed by the GI tract and has no immune system effects in children. A daily dose of less than 75 mg per kg body weight is considered safe. | |
Galactan sulfate | Moderate toxicological effects and immunostimulant effect in children Safe oral dose: A daily dose of less than 1200 mg | (McKim et al. 2019) |
Probiotic functional foods | Can be deadly in large quantities with detectable toxicological consequences. The daily intake of probiotic-containing dairy products is considered an appropriate way to ingest probiotic bacteria in infants. | (Žuntar et al. 2020) (Twetman & Stecksén-Blicks 2008) |
Fermented functional foods | Toxicological concerns on the ethanol-containing fermented foods The acute toxicity in children at a dose level exerted by ethanol is 0.3 g/kg of body weight. | (Gorgus et al. 2016) |