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Table 1 Agro-waste usage area and the components that could be procured for further use

From: Agro-industrial waste: a cost-effective and eco-friendly substrate to produce amylase

Agriculture produces

Agro-waste

Major components

Usage area

Value-added other products

Enzymes

Reference

Apple

Pomace

Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Dihydrochalcones, Triterpenoids

Fermentation for production of enzymes, prebiotics, hypo-cholesterolemic effects, Antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, bone-forming ability, anti-inflammatory

Bread, cake, muffins, cookies, Extruded Food Products, meat products, dairy products, alcoholic beverage

Amylase, cellulase

Barreira et al. 2019; Othman et al. 2020

Mango

Peel

Cellulose, lignin, protein, reducing sugar, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins

Cellulase production, pectin enzymes, Single-cell proteins, antioxidants, lactic acid production, ethanol production

Noodles, bread, biscuits, sponge cakes, and other bakery products

Amylase, Pectinase, glucoamylase

Siddiq et al. 2017

Orange

Peel

sugars, flavonoids, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, pectin and essential oils, c flavanone glycosides (mainly naringin, hesperidin, narirutin, and neo hesperidin, e cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, b-glucans, gums, and lignin

Naringinases, pectinase, antioxidants, Food additives, designing of functional foods, and biological properties, such as anti-carcinogenic, and antiatherosclerotic effects, reduce coronary diseases

SCP, dietary fiber powder, c Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides, Bio-sorbents for Heavy Metal Removal, organic acid production, bioethanol production, enzyme production, extraction of pectin, essential oils

Cellulose, pectinase, amylase glucoamylase

Mamma & Christakopoulos 2014; Abd El-ghfar et al. 2016

Grape

Grape marc, skin, pomace, seeds

Lignin, sugar, protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, fructose, glucose, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, P

Antioxidants, food preservatives, food fortification,

Fortification of foodstuffs, fortification of meat and fish products, fortification of dairy products,

Amylase, glucoamylase

Antonić et al. 2020

Banana

Peel

Starch, pectin, cellulose, fat, proteins, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Na, P, Ca

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial,

Food thickeners, gelling agents, edible films, enzyme production

Amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase, xylanase

Padam et al. 2014; Aboul-Enein et al. 2016

Rice

Husk

Carbon, nitrogen, lignin, silica, K,

Purification, poultry feed, food additives,

Poultry feed

Glucoamylase, amylase

Bodie et al. 2019

 

Bran

Carbohydrates, protein, fiber, lipids, E- complex enzymes, B complex vitamins (niacin, thiamine, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine), caffeic acid, cycloartenol ferulate, and ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol

Anticancer, prevent chronic disease, lower cholesterol, and lower blood pressure in humans. Reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

Value-added products, e used to produce acceptable low-fat, high-fiber products, d protein concentrate, cookies, muffins, pastries, rice bran wax as an edible coating to candy, feed ingredients for broilers, production of enzymes

Amylase, glucoamylase, protease

Bodie et al. 2019

Wheat

Bran

Starch, fat, proteins, arabinoxylan,

Biosorbent material, antioxidant, anticancer, nutrition, amino acids, the solid substrate for fermentation, production of metabolites, biofuel

Heavy metal removal, minimizes the risk of chronic disease, food enrichment, feed additive, cheap raw material for metabolite production

Amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase

Katileviciute et al. 2019