From: Agro-industrial waste: a cost-effective and eco-friendly substrate to produce amylase
Agriculture produces | Agro-waste | Major components | Usage area | Value-added other products | Enzymes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple | Pomace | Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Dihydrochalcones, Triterpenoids | Fermentation for production of enzymes, prebiotics, hypo-cholesterolemic effects, Antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, bone-forming ability, anti-inflammatory | Bread, cake, muffins, cookies, Extruded Food Products, meat products, dairy products, alcoholic beverage | Amylase, cellulase | |
Mango | Peel | Cellulose, lignin, protein, reducing sugar, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins | Cellulase production, pectin enzymes, Single-cell proteins, antioxidants, lactic acid production, ethanol production | Noodles, bread, biscuits, sponge cakes, and other bakery products | Amylase, Pectinase, glucoamylase | Siddiq et al. 2017 |
Orange | Peel | sugars, flavonoids, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, pectin and essential oils, c flavanone glycosides (mainly naringin, hesperidin, narirutin, and neo hesperidin, e cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, b-glucans, gums, and lignin | Naringinases, pectinase, antioxidants, Food additives, designing of functional foods, and biological properties, such as anti-carcinogenic, and antiatherosclerotic effects, reduce coronary diseases | SCP, dietary fiber powder, c Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides, Bio-sorbents for Heavy Metal Removal, organic acid production, bioethanol production, enzyme production, extraction of pectin, essential oils | Cellulose, pectinase, amylase glucoamylase | |
Grape | Grape marc, skin, pomace, seeds | Lignin, sugar, protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, fructose, glucose, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, P | Antioxidants, food preservatives, food fortification, | Fortification of foodstuffs, fortification of meat and fish products, fortification of dairy products, | Amylase, glucoamylase | Antonić et al. 2020 |
Banana | Peel | Starch, pectin, cellulose, fat, proteins, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Na, P, Ca | Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, | Food thickeners, gelling agents, edible films, enzyme production | Amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase, xylanase | |
Rice | Husk | Carbon, nitrogen, lignin, silica, K, | Purification, poultry feed, food additives, | Poultry feed | Glucoamylase, amylase | Bodie et al. 2019 |
Bran | Carbohydrates, protein, fiber, lipids, E- complex enzymes, B complex vitamins (niacin, thiamine, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine), caffeic acid, cycloartenol ferulate, and ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol | Anticancer, prevent chronic disease, lower cholesterol, and lower blood pressure in humans. Reduce the risk of coronary heart disease | Value-added products, e used to produce acceptable low-fat, high-fiber products, d protein concentrate, cookies, muffins, pastries, rice bran wax as an edible coating to candy, feed ingredients for broilers, production of enzymes | Amylase, glucoamylase, protease | Bodie et al. 2019 | |
Wheat | Bran | Starch, fat, proteins, arabinoxylan, | Biosorbent material, antioxidant, anticancer, nutrition, amino acids, the solid substrate for fermentation, production of metabolites, biofuel | Heavy metal removal, minimizes the risk of chronic disease, food enrichment, feed additive, cheap raw material for metabolite production | Amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase | Katileviciute et al. 2019 |