Table 4 Bioactive peptides derived from milk products of minor dairy species

 Sheep milk cheese-like system

Val-Pro-Lys-Val-Lys

ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity

93.75 ± 0.06 IC₅₀ μg/mL

0.079 ± 0.15 IC₅₀ μg/mL

(Silva et al. 2006)

Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro

ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity

169.86 ± 0.10 IC₅₀ μg/mL

0.102 ± 0.10 IC₅₀ μg/mL

 Goat milk cheese-like system

Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro

ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity

689.40 ± 0.18 I IC₅₀ μg/mL

0.072 ± 0.06 I IC₅₀ μg/mL

Arg-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Ile-Lys-His-*

ACE-inhibitory

892.83 ± 0.11 IC₅₀ μg/mL

  Feta

Identified in Roquefort type cheese

KEMPFPKYPVE β-CN, f(122–132)

ACE inhibitory expressed as ABTS (%) scavenging rate

32.71 ± 1.8 IC₅₀ μg/mL

(Meira et al. 2012)

  Pecorino Toscano

WMHQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN

f(158–178)

67.21 ± 0.1 IC₅₀ μg/mL

  Roquefort

MHQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN

f(159–178)

87.46 ± 0.2 IC₅₀ μg/mL

  Pecorino Sardo

HQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN f(160–178)

67.71 ± 3.2 IC₅₀ μg/mL

  Cerrillano

YQEPVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(206–220)

QEPVLGPVRGPFPILV β-CN f(207–222)

QEPVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(207–220)

PVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(209–220)

LGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(211–220)

TDAPSFSDIPNPIGSENSGK αS1-CN f(189–208)

DIPNPIGSENSGKTTMPLW αS1-CN f(196–214)

IPNPIGSENSGKIT αS1-CN f(197–210)

NAGPFTPTVNR αS2-CN f(131–141)

YQGPIVLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(116–130)

YQGPIVLNPWDQVK αS2-CN f(116–129)

GPIVLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(118–130)

VLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(121–130)

74.96 ± 1.6 IC₅₀ μg/mL

 White brined goat milk cheese

ND

ACE inhibitory activity

62.55%

(Kocak et al. 2020)

 Fresh goat milk cheese

ND

Antioxidant and ACE inhibitory

ND

(Hernández-Galán et al. 2017)

 Goat milk Tulum cheese

ND

Antioxidant, Mineral binding and antibacterial activity against

Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028

ND

(Öztürk and Akin 2018)

 Cabrales cheese (Cow + sheep + Goat milk)

DKIHP (β-CN f(47–51))

DKIHPF (β-CN f(47–52))

ACE inhibitory

113.1 μM

2419.4 μM

(Gómez-Ruiz et al. 2006)

 Idiazabal cheese (Sheep milk)

 Manchego cheese (Sheep milk)

 White brined goat cheese

RPKHPIKHQGLPQEVLNENL.L (α-s₁ f(1–20))

Immunopeptide

ND

(Atanasova et al. 2020)

 Sheep milk cheese

L.KKISQ.R (α-s₂ f(165–169))

Antibacterial

ND

  Goat milk

ND

DPPH scavenging activity

39.0 ± 1.0%

(Sultan et al. 2017)

ND

38.0 ± 1.0%

  Sheep milk

ND

Antioxidant activity

40.3 ± 1.1%

ND

40.0 ± 1.4%

 Fermented camel milk yoghurt

ND

ACE inhibitory

Antimicrobial activity

113–200

70–133

(Alhaj et al. 2018)

 Fermented camel milk (Chal)

ND

DPPH activity

ABTS activity

57.90 ± 4.59 μM

1484.35 μM

(Soleymanzadeh et al. 2016)

 Camel milk heated at 80 °C/30 min prior to fermentation

ND

Reducing power (%)

DPPH (% inhibition)

16.93%

22.70%

(Abd Elhamid and Mervet 2017

 Fermented camel milk

Total 32 peptides

Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli

20.0 and 16.0%, respectively

(Algboory and Muhialdin 2018)

 Goat milk yoghurt

AHTPDB

Anti-hypertensive

ND

(Parmar et al. 2020)

 Goat milk yoghurt

Casein fractions

Antioxidant activity against TCDD (dioxin)

ND

(Haskito et al. 2020)

 Donkey milk fermented with Enterococcus faecium DM33

ND

Antioxidant

Antimicrobial against L. monocytogenes 1078

350 ± 0.01

(Aspri et al. 2018)

 Fermented mare milk

ND

ACE inhibitory

70.9–74.5%

(Wang et al. 2015)

 Sheep milk yoghurt

PVVVPPFLQ (β-CN f(96–104))

Antihypertensive

ND

(Dalziel et al. 2018)

 Greek sheep milk yoghurt

YPVEPFTE (β-CN f(114–121))

ACE inhibitory and Opiate like activity

ND

(Papadimitriou et al. 2007)

 Goat milk Kefir

ND

ACE inhibitory

75%

(Shi et al. 2018)

 Goat milk Kefir

ND

Antioxidant activity

ND

(Satir and Guzel-Seydim 2015)

 Goat milk Kefir

AASDISLLDAQSAPLR (β-lg f(43–58))

Anti-bacterial

ND

(Izquierdo-González et al. 2019)

INNQFLPYPY (κ-CN f(42–51))

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV

inhibitor

ND

TAQVTSTEV (κ-CN f(154–162))

Anti-thrombotic

ND