Table 7 Areas of research focus utilizing jackfruit seeds

Bioabsorbent

Biosorption is a low-cost and environmentally benign method for removing heavy metals like arsenic (As⁵⁺), cadmium(Cd²⁺), chromium(Cr⁶⁺), copper(Cu²⁺), zinc(Zn²⁺) and Nickel(Ni²⁺) from aqueous environments.Also, dye from textile wastewater is removed by this process

(Maity et al. 2022), (Giri et al. 2021), (Prasad et al. 2020), (Choy et al. 2017), (Khadem et al. 2022), (Kannan & Veemaraj 2010)

(Kooh et al. 2018), (Zahrim et al. 2018), (Ibrahim et al. 2017), (Yunus & Azaha 2021), (Ndung’u et al. 2021), (Dahri et al. 2016)

Composite films/Bioplastics

Composite films or bioplastics are made to increase the shelf-life of food by utilizing it as food packaging materials

(Costa et al. 2020), (Santhosh & Sarkar 2022), (Seed 2018), (Retnowati et al. 2015), (Raihan et al. 2022), (Saturoset al. 2021), (Wahidin et al. 2021), (Sarifuddin et al. 2018), (Jayakumar et al. 2019), (Lothfy et al. 2018), (Santana et al., 2018), (Lubis et al. 2017), (Nguyen et al. 2022), (Oupathumpanont et al. 2016), (Maysarah, 2020), (Widhiantari & De Side 2021), (Mahardiani et al. 2022), (Putri Putri R. D. A., &Fitrianto 2020), (S Castro et al. 2023)

Starch

The primary food resource of plants, starch, is produced commercially from grains and tubers.A blend of two polysaccharides makes up starch (glucans). They are crucial as sizing and finishing agents in paper and textiles for non-food usage, whereas they are utilised in foods to thicken, gel, or otherwise control texture

(Mukprasirt & Sajjaanantakul 2004), (Noor et al. 2014), (Tulyathan et al. 2002), (Dutta et al. 2011), (Madruga et al. 2014), (S Castro et al. 2023), (Zhang et al. 2021a, 2021b, 2021c)

Food products

Jackfruit seeds are used for making various food products such as extruded products (cookies, noodles, etc.), drinks etc

(Brahma & Ray, 2022), (Kumari et al. 2022), (Chakraborty et al. 2022), (Ortega-González et al. 2022), (Yudhistira 2022)

Bioethanol

Bioethanol is an alcohol created through microbial fermentation, primarily from carbohydrates provided by sugar- or starch-bearing plants such as corn, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, or lignocellulosic biomass

(Ginting et al. 2020), (Bahlawan et al. 2022), (Arif et al. 2018), (Roy et al. 2015), (Ochaikul et al. 2012), (Kumar et al. 2011), (Minh et al. 2022), (Chongkhong et al. 2012)

Oil/Biodiesel

Oil/Biodiesel has been utilized throughout the years as a cooking fuel and vehicle fuel

(Babu et al. 2017), (Rengasamy et al. 2017), (Jeyakumar & Narayanasamy 2020), (Nagala et al. 2013), (Ramli et al. 2021)

Drugs and pharmaceuticals

Jackfruit seed has many benefits and it can be used as a carrier for delivering various essential components essential for human health

(Sivamaruthi et al. 2022), (Hasnain et al. 2023), (Nallasamy et al. 2022), (Sanjoy et al. 2019)

Pigments

Jackfruit seed powder is used as a substrate for Monascuspurpureus to produce pigments by the help of solid-state fermentation (SSF)

(Babitha et al. 2007), (Subhasree et al. 2011), (Panesar et al. 2015), (Hamdiyati et al. 2016), (Oliveira et al. 2018), (Soccol et al. 2007), (Mishra et al. 2019), (Ignatius et al. 2021)