Table 13 Anti-diabetic compounds found in E. palmifolia, M. charantia and S. polyanthum
Compound | Class of compound | Chemical structure | Bioactivity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
E. palmifolia | ||||
 Hongconin | Naphthalene |
| Protected the injury of HUVECs activity induced by high glucose level | Xu et al. (2006) |
 Isoeleutherol | Naphthalene |
| Inhibited the activity of β-glucosidase | Hara et al. (1997) |
 Eleutherol | Naphthalene |
| Inhibited the activity of β-glucosidase | Ieyama et al. (2011) |
 Eleutherinoside A | Naphthalene |
| Inhibited the activity of β-glucosidase | Ieyama et al. (2011) |
 Eleuthoside B | Naphthalene |
| Inhibited the activity of β-glucosidase | Ieyama et al. (2011) |
 Dihydroeleutherin | Naphthoquinone |
| Protected the injury of HUVECs activity induced by high glucose level | Hanh et al. (2018) |
 Eleuthinone | Naphthoquinone |
| Protected the injury of HUVECs activity induced by high glucose level | Chen et al. (2018) |
M. charantia | ||||
 Kuguacin | Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids |
| Promoted insulin secretion activity | Saeed et al. (2018) |
 Vicine | Glycol alkaloid |
| Lowered the glucose concentration | Raman and Lau (1996) |
 Charantin | Steroid saponin |
| Promoted the growth of beta-cells and enhanced insulin production | Wang et al. (2010) |
 Momordicine II | Cucurbitacin glycoside |
| Increased the insulin secretion | Keller et al. (2011) |
 Karaviloside | Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids |
| Activated the AMPK pathway by mediating glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation | Saeed et al. (2018) |
 Karavilagenin | Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids |
| Inhibited PTPN2, an enzyme associated with insulin resistance | Lee et al. (2021) |
 Momordin | Triterpene saponin |
| Reduced the glucose level | Perumal et al. (2022) |
S. polyanthum | ||||
 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid | Benzoic acid derivatives |
| Inhibited α-glucosidase | Lelono and Tachibana (2013) |
 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid | Benzoic acid derivatives |
| Inhibited α-glucosidase | Lelono and Tachibana (2013) |
 Squalene | Terpenoid aliphatic |
| Lowered the blood glucose Increased the glucose uptake in the muscle tissue | Widyawati et al. (2022) Widyawati et al. (2015a) |
 Myricitrin | Flavonoid |
| Inhibited α-glucosidase | Syabana et al. (2022) |
 EGCG | Catechin |
| Inhibited α-glucosidase | Syabana et al. (2022) |
