Table 4 Discussion on the functional properties of secondary metabolite available in MCE and IAE
Group of Phenolic compounds | Phenolic compounds | Molecular Structure | Functional characteristic | Availability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydroxycinnamic acid | Chlorogenic Acid |
| hepatic steatosis, anti-carcinogenic anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity (Naveed et al. 2018; Tajik et al. 2017) | MCE < IAE |
trans-Ferulic acid |
| antithrombotic, vasodilatory effect, antioxidant, increase the viability of sperms, anticarcinogenic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral (Kumar & Pruthi 2014) | MCE > IAE | |
trans-Cinnamic acid |
| antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities, anti-diabetic (Adisakwattana 2017) | MCE < IAE | |
Rosmarinic acid |
| anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic,, anti-inflammatory,anti-allergic, renal and hepato protectant (Alagawany et al. 2017) | MCE | |
p-Coumaric acid |
| antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-arthritis activities (Pei et al. 2016) | MCE > IAE | |
Flavonoids | Catechin hydrate |
| potential chemo preventive agent, liver damage prevention, cholesterol lowering, anti-obesity, inhibiting the ovarian cancer (Lee et al. 2007; Kim & Heo 2022) | MCE < IAE |
(-) Epicatechin |
| prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic (Abdulkhaleq et al. 2017) | MCE < IAE | |
Rutin Hydrate |
| improve blood circulation,, antidepressant, neuroinflammation prevention, anticonvulsant (Ganeshpurkar & Saluja, 2017; Imani et al. 2021) | MCE > IAE | |
Myricetin |
| antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory (Semwal et al. 2016) | MCE | |
Quercetin |
| antiviral, anti-carcinogenic, reducing the risk of heart disease, anti-inflammatory, preventing neurological disorder (Li et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2020) | MCE < IAE | |
Hydroxybenzoic acid | Vanillic acid |
| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-analgesic (Calixto-Camposet al. 2015; Sharma et al. 2020) | MCE > IAE |
Gallic acid |
| antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antineoplastic properties, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory (Kahkeshani et al. 2019; Zanwar et al. 2014) | MCE < IAE | |
Phenolic aldehyde | Vanillin |
| anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, neuroprotective activity, antifungal, sickle cell anaemia recovery (Arya et al. 2021; Costantini et al. 2021) | MCE > IAE |
