Table 1 Summary of bioactivity and mechanism of action
From: Bioactive properties and therapeutic aspects of fermented vegetables: a review
Vegetable/Product | Microorganism | Mechanism of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant Activity | |||
Red pepper | – | Increase phenolic compounds Increased DPPH radical scavenging activity | Yeon et al. 2019 |
Carrot Juice | L. bulgaricus and L. rhamnosus | Increased DPPH scavenging activity | Yeo & Ewe 2015 |
Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther | L. plantarum | Increased TPC and TFC | Wu et al. 2011 |
Garlic (desi and farmi varieties) | – | Increased TPC and TFC Increased DPPH, FRAP and ABTS | Tahir et al. 2022 |
Bamboo | – | Increased TPC and TFC Increased FRAP | Singhal et al. 2021 |
Okra | – | Increase TPC and TFC (24 h) Increased DPPH | Adetuyi & Ibrahim 2014 |
Anti-diabetic Activity | |||
Cabbage | L. plantarum | Suppress disaccharidase activity | |
Chili pepper | – | α-glucosidase inhibition DPP-IV inhibition | |
Bitter melon | LAB | Lower blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetes mice | H. S. Park et al. 2015 |
Carrot Juice | L. plantarum | Regulate levels of insulin, glucagon, GLP-1 and Peptide YY SCFA lowering intestinal pH SCFA | C. Li et al. 2014 |
Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity | |||
Fermented cabbage/Kimchi | – | Regulation of 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, cholesterol ester transferase protein and cholesterol acyl-transferase β-Sitosterol HDMPPA | I. H. Choi et al. 2013 |
Bamboo shoots | – | Increase availability of β-Sitosterol | Lu et al. 2009 Singhal et al. 2021 |
Moringa | – | Decrease fat accumulation in rat liver Decrease expression of lipid synthetic genes Up-regulation the expression of genes related to lipid oxidation | Joung et al. 2017 |
Spinach Brocilli Katuk leaves | Acetobacter xylinum Glukonobacter S. cerevisiae | Inhibition of porcine pancreatic lipase | Maryati et al. 2020 Zhu et al. 2021 |
Red pepper | – | Suppress lipid accumulation Reduce plasma TG and TC Decrease artherogenic index Stimulate lipid mobilization from adipose tissue | Y. M. Choi & Suh 2004 Dobiásová 2006 Kawada et al. 1986 |
Traditional Chinese fermented cucumber | L. acidophilus Enterococcus faecalis | Reduction of TC, TG and LDL-C in rat serum Reduction of TC and TG in rat liver | Gao & Li 2018 |
Anticancer Activity | |||
White cabbage/Sauerkraut | L. mesenteroides | Attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatkon | Martinez-Villaluenga et al. 2012 |
Cabbage/Kimchi | – | Inhibition growth of HT-29 carcinoma cells Inhibition survival and growth of MG-63, HL-60 and Hep 3B cells Inhibit incorporation of H thymidine decreasing DNA synthesis β-sitosterol and a linoleic acid | Hur et al. 1999 K. Y. Park et al. 2014 |
Beetroot | – | Induce apoptosis and necrosis | Kazimierczak et al. 2014 |
Cinnamon | L. plantarum | Decrease cancer cell viability | Eweys et al. 2022 |
Anti-hypertensive Activity | |||
Cucumber | LAB | ACE inhibition via peptides IPP/LPP, VPP, KP and RY | Fideler et al. 2019 |
Spinach juice | L. brevis L. sakei | ACE inhibition via peptides IVVGPPPP, PQTETKASVGFKAG and QIIGPVLD | M. J. Kim et al. 2022 |