Table 3 Techniques applied for the S. cumini anthocyanin extraction

Anthocyanin concentration

Optimum conditions

Temperature-Controlled Water Bath

Distilled water

1:10 – 1:15

Extraction temperature (40-60 °C); time (20-100 min)

10.58 mg/100 g at optimised conditions

Extraction temperature (44 °C); extraction time (93 min); solid:liquid ratio (1:15)

Maran et al. (2015)

MAE

DES

1:48

Extraction time (0-240s); extraction power (100-400W)

8.197 mg of C3G g^-1 at 400W power for 240s

Sharma and Dash (2022)

UAE

DES

1:48

Temperature (40-70 °C); extraction time (150 min); ultrasonication power (100W)

8.525 mg of C3G g^-1 at 70°C ultrasonication temperature

Sharma and Dash (2022)

BUE

Acidified aqueous ethanol

1:15

Ultrasonication power (135W); ultrasonication temperature (30-40 °C)

55 mg C3G g^-1

Ultrasonication time (40 mins.); ultrasonication temperature (30 °C); ethanol concentration (70% v/v)

Sabino et al. (2021)

PUE

Acidified aqueous ethanol

1:15

Ultrasonication power (5000W/L);

60.5 mg C3G g^-1

Ultrasonication power (5000W/L); ultrasonication time (10 min); ethanol concentration (80% v/v)

Sabino et al. (2021)

PLE

Acidified water and acidified aqueous solutions of ethanol, methanol, acetone

1:6

Pressure (11,721 kPa); rinsing time (5min); extraction time for each cycle (10min); and purge with nitrogen flow (200 s)

10-45 mg C3G g^-1

Temperature (90 °C); ethanol concentration (80% v/v); extraction cycles (2)

Sabino et al. (2021)

SCCO₂

Ethanol (99.9% purity)

1:50

Extraction pressure (100-200 bar); temperature (40-60 °C); co-solvent flow rate (1-3g/ min)

231.28 ± 0.76 mg/100 g for TMAC at optimised conditions

Extraction pressure (162 bar); temperature (50 °C); solvent flow rate (2g/ min)

Maran et al. (2014)