Table 3 The lists of metabolites (derived from GC-MS analysis) arranged according to their chemical class or type and their chromatogram peak area% [Tongba (TNB), chhyang (CHN), nigar (NGR), khokim raksi (KKR) and chimphing raksi (CKR)]

Fatty acid derivatives

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

Ethyl 4-hydroxybutyrate

-

-

2.56

-

-

Caprylic triglyceride

-

-

-

0.44

-

Ethyl pentadecanoate

0.29

-

-

-

-

Methyl 14-methylpentadecanoate

0.36

-

-

-

-

Palmitic acid

-

5.51

5.62

-

-

Ethyl palmitate

1.01

-

-

-

-

Methyl palmitate

-

-

-

2.18

-

cis-9-Hexadecenal

-

0.49

1.29

-

-

Ethyl linoleate

1.47

-

-

2.58

-

Methyl linoleate

-

-

-

20.84

-

Linoelaidic acid

-

-

0.08

-

-

Ethyl linolenate

2.64

-

-

-

-

Oleic acid

-

1.7

13.33

-

-

Methyl oleate

0.67

0.12

0.16

-

-

Oleic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol

-

-

0.7

-

-

Stearic acid

-

-

1.51

-

-

Methyl stearate

-

-

0.09

2.94

-

Methyl petroselinate

-

-

-

11.96

-

cis-Vaccenic acid

-

10.04

-

-

-

Linoleyl alcohol

-

0.08

-

0.26

-

2-Octadecenal

-

-

0.21

-

-

Oxirane, hexadecyl-

-

-

0.08

-

-

Methyl arachidate

-

0.11

0.12

-

-

Arachidyl alcohol

1.96

-

-

-

-

3-Cyclopentylpropionic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester

0.46

-

-

-

-

2,5-Di(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, 3-hexadecyl ester

1.05

-

-

-

-

1-(2,3-Dimethoxypropoxy)-2-methoxyhexadecane

5.79

-

-

-

-

4-(2-Methoxyhexadecoxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane

1.48

-

-

-

-

Methyl 2-methoxypropenoate

-

-

2.12

-

-

Octyl methacrylate

-

-

-

-

4.59

5-Chlorovaleric acid, 2,5-dichlorophenyl ester

-

-

-

-

1.14

(7R)-cis-anti-cis-Tricyclo[7.3.0.0(2,6)]dodecan-7-ol

-

-

-

-

2.05

Amino acid derivatives

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

cyclo (L-Leu-L-Pro)

16.96

0.16

-

-

-

cyclo-Gly-Pro

-

-

-

-

26.47

pGlu-phe-pro

-

-

-

-

5.67

5-Pyrrolidino-2-pyrrolidone

-

-

-

-

16.77

Pyroglutamic acid

0.32

-

-

-

-

Actinomycin C2

1.43

-

-

-

-

Bis(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl) ether

-

0.36

-

-

-

N,N,N’-Triethylethylenediamine

-

-

-

-

8.2

Cyclopropanecarboxamide, N-cycloheptyl

-

-

-

-

17.11

Lidocaine

-

-

-

8.03

-

Lidocaine benzylbenzoate

-

-

-

1.56

2.51

Phenolics

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

Tyrosol

2.72

-

1.85

-

-

5-Methylcyclohexane-1,3-diol

0.37

-

-

-

-

Phenylacetaldehyde

-

-

2.07

-

-

Phenethyl alcohol

-

-

5.91

-

-

Hydroquinone

-

-

0.99

-

-

Meranzin

-

-

-

7.26

-

Auraptene

-

-

-

14.44

-

Phenyl acetate

-

-

-

-

6.84

Terpenoids and steroids

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

Neophytadiene

0.42

0.31

0.25

-

-

Phytol

0.26

0.08

-

-

-

Farnesol

0.37

-

-

-

-

beta-Sitosterol

0.85

0.29

0.52

-

-

β-Sitosterol-methyl ether

0.85

-

-

-

-

Cholesta-3,5-diene

-

0.2

0.21

-

-

Clionasterol

-

0.26

0.78

-

-

24-Norursa-3,12-diene

-

-

0.83

-

-

Sandacanol

-

-

-

0.93

-

Nootkatone

-

-

-

0.92

-

Copalol

-

-

-

2.1

-

Squalene

-

-

-

2.56

-

Geranylgeraniol formate

-

-

-

1.46

-

Etiocholanolone glucuronide

-

-

-

1.17

-

Driman-8,11-diol

-

-

-

2.13

-

Geranyllinalool

-

-

-

-

4.62

Calamendiol

-

-

-

-

2.53

Alkaloids

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

2-[1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-9-[.beta.-d-ribofuranosyl]purine (Nebularine derivative)

-

0.63

-

-

-

Dihydroergotamine

2.7

-

-

-

-

Glycosides

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside

53.95

0.83

3.18

-

-

Methyl α-D-galactopyranoside

-

-

1.1

-

-

Fermented sugar alcohols and other catabolites

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

1,3-Methylene-d-arabitol

1.25

-

-

-

-

Glycerol

-

76.88

17.44

-

-

4 H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-

-

-

19.4

-

-

Succinic acid monoethyl ester

-

-

6.12

-

-

Ethanol, 2-[2-[(tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy]-

-

-

0.94

-

-

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural

-

-

8.19

-

-

Levoglucosan

-

-

2.01

-

-

Other compounds

TNB

CHN

NGR

KKR

CKR

Phthalic acid

0.37

0.17

-

16.24

-

Bis(tridecyl) phthalate

-

-

0.35

-

-

Isobutyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl phthalate

-

-

-

-

1.51

12-Crown-4

-

1.61

-

-

-

Musk Ambrette

-

0.13

-

-

-

Diltiazem

-

0.05

-

-

-