Table 5 Results of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of antioxidants, total phenolic content and lipid composition tested in Tongba (TNB), chhyang (CHN), nigar (NGR), khokim raksi (KKR) and chimphing raksi (CKR)

Antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging %)

Crude sample

85.31 ± 1.55^d

72.05 ± 0.96^b

74.11 ± 0.92^c

70.91 ± 2.91^bc

51.02 ± 1.81^a

Oral phase

79.17 ± 1.34^d

68.09 ± 0.35^c

68.88 ± 1.1^c

62.22 ± 1.88^b

42.47 ± 0.67^a

BI (%)

92.81

94.51

92.94

87.74

83.24

Gastric phase

9.36 ± 0.63^b

9.93 ± 1.03^b

7.25 ± 0.78^a

10.73 ± 0.61^c

7.65 ± 0.37^a

BI (%)

10.97

13.78

9.78

15.13

14.99

Intestinal phase

4.7 ± 1.06^a

4.28 ± 0.93^a

3.66 ± 1.43^a

3.55 ± 1.3^a

3.04 ± 1.08^a

BI (%)

5.51

5.94

4.94

5.01

5.96

Total phenol or TPC

(µg GAE/ mL)

Crude sample

592.96 ± 2.68^c

159.76 ± 3.42^b

936.26 ± 6.87^e

886.96 ± 5.76^d

96.36 ± 1.22^a

Oral phase

587.85 ± 2.46^c

151.94 ± 2.86^b

900.24 ± 3.97^e

878.09 ± 4.26^d

81.03 ± 1.73^a

BI (%)

99.14

95.1

96.15

99

84.09

Gastric phase

34.70 ± 3.94^c

23.98 ± 4.27^b

87.02 ± 1.47^e

74.30 ± 3.99^d

18.66 ± 1.42^a

BI (%)

5.85

15.01

9.29

8.38

19.37

Intestinal phase

21.97 ± 2.74^c

12.21 ± 3.11^b

29.93 ± 4.23^d

24.21 ± 1.02 ^cd

9.25 ± 2^a

BI (%)

3.71

7.64

3.2

1.6

9.6

Lipid composition

(acid value or %FFA)

Crude sample

1.126 ± 0.035^b

1.39 ± 0.004^c

1.97 ± 0.08^d

2.11 ± 0.095^d

0.28 ± 0.07^a

Oral phase

1.12 ± 0.04^b

1.34 ± 0.01^c

1.92 ± 0.05^d

2.01 ± 0.07^d

0.21 ± 0.09^a

BI (%)

99.47

96.4

97.46

95.26

75

Gastric phase

1.09 ± 0.05^b

1.12 ± 0.04^b

1.27 ± 0.06^c

1.98 ± 0.09^d

0.21 ± 0.07^a

BI (%)

96.8

80.58

64.47

93.84

75

Intestinal phase

0.02 ± 0.01^a

0.04 ± 0.01^a

0.12 ± 0.04^a

0.27 ± 0.08^a

0.02 ± 0.01^a

BI (%)

1.78

2.88

6.09

12.8

7.14