Fig. 2

Effect of extracts of unfermented and fermented cherry silverberry on VEGF-induced chemotactic motility and invasion of HUVEC. a Cell motility was analyzed using scratch wound healing assay and observed under an inverted microscope (magnification, 100x). b Invasive cells at the bottom of transwells were fixed and observed using an inverted microscope (magnification, 200x). Data are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent measurements. Significant differences were compared to the control at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and with the VEGF group at #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; UnF, unfermented cherry silverberry; LP, Lactobacillus plantarum fermented extract; LC, L. casei fermented extract; LPLC, extract of fruits co-fermented w/ L. plantarum and L. casei