Table 2 Utilization of durian waste and their potential applications
Main Component | Products | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Husk | Pectin | Pectin is used as stabilizers, texturizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, water binders, encapsulating agents, and crystallization inhibitors in the food and pharmaceutical industries. | Valdes et al. (2015) |
Husk and seeds | Phenolic antioxidants | Phenolic antioxidants find diverse applications across industries, such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, due to their potential to enhance product stability, shelf life, and health benefits. | Zeb (2020) |
Husk | Flour and cakes | The conversion of durian husk into flour as a wheat flour substitute in butter cake production was investigated to create gluten-free cookies. The durian husk flour was mixed with wheat flour and salted butter in a specific proportion. | Charoenphun and Kwanhian (2019); & Bhoosem and Bunyasawat (2019) |
Husk | Biopesticide | Biopesticides are becoming more appealing as a replacement for synthetic pesticides that are harmful to the environment and humans. | Kusumaningtyas and Armiano Syah (2020) &Harahap et al. (2019) |
Husk | Biochars | Biochar can be used for a variety of purposes, including soil improvement and fertilization. The literature contains a variety of studies on biochar soil amendment for improving plant growth in the agricultural sector. | Glaser et al. (2019); Kizito et al. (2019); Chew et al. (2020) |
Husk | Adsorbent | To improve the water quality, specifically the groundwater source. | Payus et al. (2020) |
Husk | Hydrogel Bandages | Application in bio-medical products, which is used to cover surgical sites for the wound healing which has antimicrobial properties. | |
Husk | Bio – composite film | Can be used as food packaging material. | |
Husk | Non-wood-based raw material for pulp and paper industry | Durian husk has great potential as a novel material for the pulp and paper industries. | Masrol et al. (2018) |
Husk and seeds | Bio –plate | Potential for use as a packaging raw material—Instead of foam, it can be used as an alternative environmental packaging. | Tengrang et al. (2020) |
Husk | Liquid -smoke | It can be used as natural food preservation due to its presence of antibacterial substance, latex coagulant, and biopesticide. | |
Seeds | Substrate of Monascus spp. | It is possible to produce angkak using durian seed as a novel substrate. | |
Seeds | Flour | Potential product diversification of wheat flour. | Mulyati et al. (2018) |
Husk and Seeds | Bioethanol | Bioethanol production provides great potential to achieve a fuel production that is sustainable and renewable. | Sebayang et al. (2017) |
Seeds | Edible film | Durian seed starch edible film is good for packaging which is also environmentally friendly. | Sitti Rahmawati (2021) |