- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Characterization and genomic analysis of a novel E. coli lytic phage with extended lytic activity against S. Enteridis and S. Typhimurium
Food Production, Processing and Nutrition volume 6, Article number: 14 (2024)
This article has been updated
Abstract
In order to effectively use of phages as antimicrobial agents for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli, it is important to understand phage biology. The isolation and research of novel bacteriophages are urgently needed for food safety and animal health. Phage is considered as a novel alternative antibacterial agents and a new way of prevent, control and treat pathogens. In this paper, we isolated and characterized a novel lytic phage from chicken samples, named vB_EscP_vE20 (in brief vE20). We identified vE20 as belonging to the Podoviridae family through morphological and phylogenetic analysis. It had lytic activities against 24 out of 51 different serotypes of clinical E. coli strains, interestingly it also can lyse Salmonella species, such as Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Samonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). One step growth curve showed that the latent period and lysis period was 10 min and 60 min, respectively. The burst size of vE20 was about 60 PFU/cell. The phage vE20 survived in a wide range of temperatures (30–60 °C) and pH (3–11). The whole genome size of phage vE20 is 77,938 bps, which is double stranded DNA. There are 121 Open reading frame (ORFs) in total, and the GC-content is 42.17%, without virulence-associated, antibiotic and lysogeny related genes. Phage vE20 has high bactericidal activity in killing E. coli EXG20-1 in cultures containing 4 × 109 cfu/mL in several MOIs culture. The results revealed the promising potential of phage vE20 as attractive candidates for the control of E. coli infections.
Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Escherichia coli the most commonly found Gram-negative species in human and animal gut flora, including benign normal flora and pathogenic bacteria (Kyle et al. 2012; Zhou et al. 2015), such as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (Gomes et al. 2016). EPEC and EHEC infections can cause severe gastrointestinal ailments such as hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhea, and extraintestinal diseases (Croxen et al. 2013). Recently, there has been a rise in food poisoning incidents caused by E. coli, making it necessary to prioritize food safety, particularly with regards to E. coli contamination (Lee et al. 2020; Malik et al. 2021). Although antibiotics are generally used to treat or control E. coli infections (Matsuzaki et al. 2005), the high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) makes it essential to develop more effective treatment or control strategies (Caflisch et al. 2019; Rosner and Clark 2021; Pan et al. 2020). The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains is increasing. Therefore, developing new treatment/control strategies as alternatives to traditional antibiotics is crucial.
Phage, known as the natural predators of bacteria, may be the most numerous biological entities on earth (Brussow 2005). It causes specific infection of bacteria, so can achieve the effect of sterilization (Merabishvili et al. 2012). Phages have several advantages over antibiotics, including a strong antibacterial effect, ease of isolation and preparation, high efficiency in infection without affecting normal flora, and few side effects (Styles et al. 2022; Gordillo and Barr 2019; Kortright et al. 2019). Thus, the food and medical industries are gradually applied the lytic phages (Jamal et al. 2019). In the early 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of phages as a new type of food preservative for fresh vegetables and meat products (Safwat et al. 2018). Many studies showed that phages can be used successfully used to treat pathogenic bacteria in the food chain, including zoonotic pathogens that colonize the intestines of farm animals. Moreover, it is possible to develop alternative treatment methods either for food safety, veterinary or clinical use through discovering new phages effective against pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the isolation and research of novel bacteriophages are urgently needed for food safety and animal health.
In this work, we isolated a novel lytic E. coli phage from chicken samples and analyzed its biological characteristics and genomic information. Phage vE20 has a wide host range, rapid cleavage cycle, high burst volume, wide temperature and PH tolerance, no virulence related genes, antibiotics and lysogen-related genes. Furthermore, the isolation and research of phage vE20 provides more basis of reference value to fight against E. coli.
Materials and methods
Host of phage vE20
The host of phage vE20 was an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain EXG20-1, which was isolated from chicken meat product in a nearby market and identified by standard microbiological methods according to the National Standard of China (GB/T 4789.4–2016).
Culture media and grow conditions
All strains grew in Luria Bertani broth at 37 °C (LB, Qingdao Hope BioTechnology Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China) and agar plate overnight, under aerobic conditions.
Bacteriophage isolation and purification
The sewage samples from chicken were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm/min for 30 min at 4 °C. Then, the supernatant were incubated with E. coli EXG20-1 on shaking at 37 °C overnight (90 rpm). Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm/min for 10 min. The supernatant was subjected to 0.22 μm membrane filtration, using the double-agar layered method as previously described to isolate phage (Bao et al. 2011). Each phage was repeated this process 8–10 times to obtain pure phage strains.
Preparing phage particles and electron microscopy
The supernatant added polyethylene glycol (Amresco, Solon, USA, 8000) and NaCl. The concentrations reached 10% (w/v) and 0.5 M (mol/L) finally. Collecting the phage particles by centrifugation at 11, 000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C and dissolved in SM buffer (5.8 g/L of NaCl, 2.0 g/L of MgSO4, 50 mL/L of 1 M Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mL/L of pre-sterilized 2% gelatin). Phage particles were processed by negative stain with 2% phosphotungstic acid (PTA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and examined by an H-7650 electron microscopy (Hitachi High- Technologies Co., Tokyo, Japan).
Multiplicity of Infection (MOI)
The optimal MOI for separating bacteriophages was determined using the previously method (Xi et al. 2019; Zhai et al. 2019). In short, phages were added to the host bacterial solution (1.0 × 108 CFU/mL) to achieve the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10, and incubating at 37 °C and 180 r/min for 5 h with shaking. The phage titer in the lysate was determined by the double-layer plate method, and the multiplicity of infection with the highest titer was the optimal MOI of the phage.
Phage lytic ability
The overnight cultured Escherichia coli EXG20-1 was transferred to 5 mL of LB liquid medium at a ratio of 1:100, and placed in a shaking incubator (37 °C, 180 r/min) and reached a concentration of 4 × 109 CFU/mL. Each 5 mL of the diluted bacterial culture was transferred into 10-mL tubes. For each tube, a concentration of phage stock was added to achieve an initial MOI of 0, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1. These tubes were incubated without shaking at 37 °C and the OD600 value of each tube was measured at 30-min intervals for a 5-h period using an Ultrospec™ cell density meter (GE Healthcare, San Diego, Calif., USA). The experiment was performed 3 times.
One-step growth curves
For the one-step growth curve, the method described earlier was used, but minor modifications were made (Bao et al. 2011). Briefly, adding suspension to log-phase culture at the optimal MOI and incubating at 37 °C for 15 min, then, centrifuging the mixture at 13,000 × g for 1 min at 4 °C and the supernatant was discarded. The pellets containing (partially) infected cells were resuspended in 10 mL of pre-warmed TSB (1 × 107 CFU/mL) and were incubated again at 37 °C without shaking. Samples were taken at 10-min intervals (up to 2 h), then immediately diluted, and plated for the next study.
Thermal and pH stability
In the thermo-stability assay, the phage isolations were incubated at 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C, and the aliquots were collected after 30 min, and 60 min to be titered by the double-layer agar method. For the pH stability assay, 100 μL of the phage suspension was added to tryptone water (900 μL) with pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 and 12.0, respectively, incubated for 2 h at a 37 °C water bat. Then, they were titered by the double-layer agar plate method.
Phage lytic ability
We studied the lytic activity of phage vE20 on its host strain EPEC EXG20-1 under five different MOIs. Diluting overnight bacterial culture with LB to a concentration of 1 × 109 CFU/mL, then, transferred 5 mL of diluted bacterial culture into 10-mL tubes. One of the tubes serves as a control. Adding 10-serial diluted different titer phage stocks (1 × 109 PFU/ml ~) to each of the other tubes to obtain an initial MOI of 0, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1. Incubating these test tubes at 37° C, and measuring the OD600 of each tube at 30-min intervals within 5-h using an Ultrospec™ cell density meter (GE Healthcare, San Diego, California, USA). The experiment was conducted three times.
Phage DNA isolation and genome sequencing
For the extraction and sequencing of phage genome DNA, it referred to the previous method with slight modifications (Bao et al. 2019). Take an appropriate amount of purified and filtered phage solution, add DNase I and RNase A (Takara, Shanghai, China) to 1 μg/mL, incubate at 37 °C for 30 min, add 50 μL of 0.5 mol/L EDTA and treat at 65 °C for 10 min to terminate the endonuclease reaction. Protease (50 μg/mL, Sigma, USA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, 0.5% of final concentration, Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co. LTD, Beijing, China) were added, and the mixture was incubated overnight at 56 °C. Extraction with phenol–chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1, volume ratio) was repeated twice, the pellet after centrifugation was washed with 75% ethanol, and the phage genome was dissolved in distilled water with 50 μg/mL RNase A.
The whole genome sequencing was entrusted to Wuhan Bena Technology Service Co, Ltd., and the sequencing data were assembled using SeqMan II sequence analysis software (DNASTAR Inc., USA). The protein alignment search tool BLASTp (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) was used to predict the function of protein sequences based on homology to known protein sequences. The whole genome sequence of phage vE20 was uploaded to the GenBank database with the sequence number OP293233.
Phage genome alignment analysis and phylogenetic tree construction
The phage genomes were aligned using the BLASTn online tool (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), and the enterococcal phage genomes with similar similarity were downloaded, and the genomes were aligned and analyzed based on the nucleic acid level by MAUVE 2.3.1. Similarity analysis was also performed on the amino acid sequences encoded by lyases and capsid proteins, and an evolutionary tree was constructed based on the amino acid sequences by the software MEGA 7.0.
Results
Isolation of phage vE20 and its morphology
Phage vB_EscP_vE20 (simple as vE20) was isolated from chicken stool sewage by using the double-layer plate method. E. coli EXG20-1, serotype O128, was the host strain of phage vE20, and the plaques were purified 8–10 time. Phage vE20 was capable to produce clear plaques on its host’s lawns. Electron microscopy revealed that phage vE20 belongs to the Podoviridae family. The dimensions of vE20 were about 125.4 nm for the head and 15.7 nm for the short tail (Fig. 1).
The plaques and morphology of phage vE20
Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) and one-step growth curve
We found that highest titer of vE20 could reach 1.03 × 1010 PFU/mL under the MOI was equal to 100 (Table 1). The one-step growth curve of phage vE20 was determined under the optimal MOI. The latent period was approximately 10 min, outbreak period is about 60 min and the burst size was about 60 PFU/cell (Fig. 2).
One-step growth curve of phage vE20
Stability of vE20
Analysis of the stability showed that phage vE20 was relatively stable under the action of 30–60 °C for 30 min and 60 min, and the phage was inactivated under the action of 80 °C for 30 min (Fig. 3). Furthermore, phage vE20 was found that it could be stable among pH 3.0 and 11.0 by plaque counting (Fig. 3).
Determination of stability of phage vE20
Host range
Phage vE20 had activity against a wide range of E. coli and some Salmonella isolates (S. Enteritidis ATCC13076 and S. Typhimurium ATCC13311). Moreover, the vE20 had a lytic effect on 47.05% (24 out of 51 isolates) of E. coli clinical isolation (Table 2).
Phage infection
The lytic activity of vE20 against its natural host EXG20-1 in liquid culture was investigated at 7 different MOI (Fig. 4). The phage-free culture (MOI = 0) grew at a steady rate for the first 3 h and then increased to 1.83 of OD600. In contrast, infection with the phage at an MOI of 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 or 0.0001 caused rapid cell lysis within 6 h, resulting in a 0.18 ~ 0.55 reduction of OD600 in cell concentration. In contrast, infection at an MOI of 0.00001 initially did not cause cell lysis within 2 h, but there was a rapid cell lysis during latter hours.
The lysis rate of phage vE20 in different MOI
Comparative genomic analysis and evolution analysis
Based on sequence analysis, the genome of phage vE20 was consisted of 77,938 bp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), with 121 ORFs (26 on the forward strand and 95 on the reverse strand) and a total G + C content of 42.17%. Among the 121 ORFs, 77 had significant homology to reported functional genes, while the remaining 44 ORFs were annotated as hypothetical proteins. As shown in Table 3, the functional ORFs were divided into 5 functional modules: DNA replication/ modification /regulation (ORFs 50, 72, 73, 108), phage morphogenesis (ORFs 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19), DNA packaging (terminase large subunit, ORFs 4, 5, 6) and phage lysis (ORF 16), and some additional proteins, without virulence-associated, antibiotic, lysogeny related genes. It suggested that vE20 is a virulent phage.
BLASTN analysis revealed that vE20 genome had the highest similarity with two phages: Escherichia phage ECBP2 (accession NC018859.1, 89.72% identity, and 86% query coverage) and Escherichia phage vB_EcoP_SU10 (accession No. NC027395.1, 75.89% identity, and 72% query coverage). The amino acid sequences of lysin coded by vE20 ORF16 were further used to construct a phylogenetic tree. As shown in Fig. 5A, fifteen closest relative phages were identified by Blast-P analysis. It showed that vE20 had the highest homology with Escherichia phage EK010 (accession No. BCG45030.1), and higher homology with Podoviridae sp. (accession No. DAL79791.1) and Shigella sonnei (EFV9058517.1). Furthermore, we construct a phylogenetic tree based on the nucleic acid sequence of the capsid protein (Fig. 5B). The phage vE20 had low homology with other phages.
The phylogenetic tree of Lysin (A) and Capsid protein (B) in phage vE20. Note: The GenBank accession numbers are also provided with phage names. The trees showed the relationship of Lysin or Capsid protein of phage vE20 with other closely and distant phages
Discussion
In recent times, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of multi-drug resistance against E. coli, which is negatively impacting food safety, human health, and the environment. The issue of bacterial resistance has gained significant attention, and researchers are now exploring new antibacterial solutions to address the problem. One such solution is phage therapy, which is becoming increasingly popular due to the bactericidal ability and bacterial host specificity of phages.
This study focused on the isolation and characterization of a new E. coli phage (vE20) from chicken samples. The phage was identified as a member of the Podoviridae families and was found to differ from most other E. coli phages, such as KFS-EC, with respect to head and tail length. (Lee et al. 2020) (head length: 100.25 ± 7.26 nm, tail length: 113.88 ± 10.19 nm), and close to phage SBSWF27 (Beheshti et al. 2015) (head length: 98 nm, tail length: 14 nm).
The one-step growth curve data showed that vE20 had a latent period of 10 min and a burst size of 60 PFU/cell, which is smaller than that of phages JS09 (79 PFU/cell) (Zhou et al. 2015) and CEV1 (150 PFU/cell) (Niu et al. 2012), but larger than others phage AR1 (34 PFU/cell) (Kutter et al. 2011). The latent period referred to the shortest time required for bacteriophages particles to adsorb and release progeny bacteriophages from infected host cells. Shorter latent period indicated that phages can infect host bacteria faster. Smaller burst size indicated the phages lower effect on infection. The comparation of vE20 and other phages showed vE20 had better infection than AR1, lower effect than JS09 and CEV1. Importantly, vE20 showcased highly effective lytic properties against E. coli strains that are resistant to multiple drugs.
Environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and certain cations are known to affect the virulence of phages. In this study, it was observed that vE20 had an optimum MOI of 100, and it was effective in eliminating bacteria and producing phage progeny for subsequent cycles of phage lytic activity. Additionally, vE20 was found to survive a wide range of temperatures (30–60 °C) and pH (3–11). This resistance was comparable to that observed with several other phages analyzed in previous research (Chen et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2020; Shahin et al. 2019). As a promising candidate for biological pest control, bacteriophages must have high lysis ability. Phage vE20 is a new type of bacteriophage with high lytic activity against host strains. A wide host range is an important criterion for selecting promising phage candidates for effective Phage therapy. Therefore, further characterization of the cleavage ability of vE20 against various pathogens, including several Salmonella and Klebsiella isolates, will expand the therapeutic potential of this highly virulent phage. Compared to antibiotics, bacteriophages have a narrower antibacterial spectrum. Usually, one bacteriophage can only eliminate one type of bacteria. Different E. coli phages can infect different E. coli strains. In this study, vE20 has a wide host range and can infect not only Escherichia coli but also other Salmonella. In other studies, they mainly studied the host range of Salmonella bacteriophages against foodborne E. coli, with less research on the lysis effect of E. coli bacteriophages on Salmonella. Bacteriophages are mainly used in livestock and poultry products, as well as in food, to kill bacteria through spraying. Spraying of phages has good antibacterial and preservation effects in egg milk and poultry meat products, but has no effect on the flavor or appearance of food. The results of this study indicate that vE20 has greater potential as a new type of food sterilization product.
Genome-wide sequencing and genome annotation of vE20 showed that it has a 77,938 bp long genome, 121 ORFs without virulent genes and a total G + C content of 42.17%. The predicted homology of whole- genome genes showed that vE20 were most similar to phage EBP2 (accession No. NC 18859.1). In previous study (Nho et al. 2012), ECBP2 has 77, 135 bp long genome, 120 ORFs with GC content of 42.42%. Phage vE20 has all the basic structural diagrams and functional genes that encode host lysis proteins, DNA replication/ modification/ regulation and packaging proteins, tail structural proteins, and some additional functional proteins. Besides, the phylogenetic tree analysis of the lysin proteins encoded by ORF16 showed that vE20 had high homology with Escherichia phage EK010, Podoviridae sp. and Shigella sonnei. This indicates that the genomes of vE20 and EK010 are similar and have a close evolutionary relationship, possibly originating from the same ancestor. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree analysis of the capsid protein showed that vE20 had low homology with other phages. It indicated that vE20 may be a new type of phage.
Most literature reports that the use of bacteriophages is safe and reliable, and there is currently no clear report on the side effects of using bacteriophages. However, bacteriophages themselves are a virus, and the safety of their use in poultry farming production needs further research and certification.
Conclusions
The lytic phage vE20 was isolated from chicken and well characterized regarding physiological and genetic aspects. This lytic phage was possessed of broad host range, rapid lytic cycle, broad range resistance to temperature and pH, high burst size and the absence of any undesirable genes such as lysogeny, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance genes. And the phage has high bactericidal activity against E. coli EXG20-1. Therefore, vE20 has the potential to be a novel natural biocontrol agent for E. coli in food products.
Availability of data and materials
The complete genome sequence of phage vE20 was deposited at GenBank under accession number OP293233.
Change history
16 February 2024
The copyright year has been updated from 2024 to 2023.
References
Bao, H., Shahin, K., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Zhu, S., Stefan, S., & Wang, R. (2019). Morphologic and genomic characterization of a broad host range Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum lytic phage vB_SPuM_SP116. Microbial Pathogenesis, 136, 103659.
Bao, H., Zhang, H., & Wang, R. (2011). Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages of Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum. Poultry Science, 90(10), 2370–2377.
Beheshti, M. K., Soleimani, D. A., & Salmanizadeh, S. (2015). Isolation and identification of two novel Escherichia coli bacteriophages and their application in wastewater treatment and coliform’s phage therapy. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 8(3), e14945.
Brussow, H. (2005). Phage therapy: The Escherichia coli experience. Microbiology-Sgm, 151(Pt 7), 2133–2140.
Caflisch, K. M., Suh, G. A., & Patel, R. (2019). Biological challenges of phage therapy and proposed solutions: A literature review. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 17(12), 1011–1041.
Chen, M., Xu, J., Yao, H., Lu, C., & Zhang, W. (2016). Isolation, genome sequencing and functional analysis of two T7-like coliphages of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gene, 582(1), 47–58.
Croxen, M. A., Law, R. J., Scholz, R., Keeney, K. M., Wlodarska, M., & Finlay, B. B. (2013). Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26(4), 822–880.
Gomes, T. A., Elias, W. P., Scaletsky, I. C., Guth, B. E., Rodrigues, J. F., Piazza, R. M., Ferreira, L. C., & Martinez, M. B. (2016). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 47 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 3–30.
Gordillo, A. F., & Barr, J. J. (2019). Phage therapy in the Postantibiotic Era. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 32(2), e00066-18.
Jamal, M., Bukhari, S., Andleeb, S., Ali, M., Raza, S., Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, T., Rahman, S. U., & Shah, S. (2019). Bacteriophages: An overview of the control strategies against multiple bacterial infections in different fields. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 59(2), 123–133.
Kortright, K. E., Chan, B. K., Koff, J. L., & Turner, P. E. (2019). Phage therapy: A renewed approach to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cell Host & Microbe, 25(2), 219–232.
Kutter, E. M., Skutt-Kakaria, K., Blasdel, B., El-Shibiny, A., Castano, A., Bryan, D., Kropinski, A. M., Villegas, A., Ackermann, H. W., Toribio, A. L., Pickard, D., Anany, H., Callaway, T., & Brabban, A. D. (2011). Characterization of a ViI-like phage specific to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Virology Journal, 8, 430.
Kyle, J. L., Cummings, C. A., Parker, C. T., Quinones, B., Vatta, P., Newton, E., Huynh, S., Swimley, M., Degoricija, L., Barker, M., Fontanoz, S., Nguyen, K., Patel, R., Fang, R., Tebbs, R., Petrauskene, O., Furtado, M., & Mandrell, R. E. (2012). Escherichia coli serotype O55:H7 diversity supports parallel acquisition of bacteriophage at Shiga toxin phage insertion sites during evolution of the O157:H7 lineage. Journal of Bacteriology, 194(8), 1885–1896.
Lee, C., Choi, I. Y., Park, D. H., & Park, M. K. (2020). Isolation and characterization of a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7-specific phage as a biocontrol agent. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(1), 189–199.
Malik, S., Nehra, K., & Rana, J. S. (2021). Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virus Research, 302, 198496.
Matsuzaki, S., Rashel, M., Uchiyama, J., Sakurai, S., Ujihara, T., Kuroda, M., Ikeuchi, M., Tani, T., Fujieda, M., Wakiguchi, H., & Imai, S. (2005). Bacteriophage therapy: A revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 11(5), 211–219.
Merabishvili, M., De Vos, D., Verbeken, G., Kropinski, A. M., Vandenheuvel, D., Lavigne, R., Wattiau, P., Mast, J., Ragimbeau, C., Mossong, J., Scheres, J., Chanishvili, N., Vaneechoutte, M., & Pirnay, J. P. (2012). Selection and characterization of a candidate therapeutic bacteriophage that lyses the Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain from the 2011 outbreak in Germany. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e52709.
Nho, S. W., Ha, M. A., Kim, K. S., Kim, T. H., Jang, H. B., Cha, I. S., Park, S. B., Kim, Y. K., & Jung, T. S. (2012). Complete genome sequence of the bacteriophages ECBP1 and ECBP2 isolated from two different Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Virology, 86(22), 12439–12440.
Niu, Y. D., Stanford, K., Kropinski, A. M., Ackermann, H. W., Johnson, R. P., She, Y. M., Ahmed, R., Villegas, A., & McAllister, T. A. (2012). Genomic, proteomic and physiological characterization of a T5-like bacteriophage for control of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34585.
Pan, Y., Deng, Z., & Shahidi, F. (2020). Natural bioactive substances for the control of food-borne viruses and contaminants in food[J]. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 2, 1–19.
Rosner, D., & Clark, J. (2021). Formulations for Bacteriophage Therapy and the Potential Uses of Immobilization. Pharmaceuticals, 14(4), 359.
Safwat, M. D., Farouk, A. E., Mohamed, M. A., Abd, E. R., & John, J. (2018). Isolation and evaluation of cocktail phages for the control of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli serotype O104: H4 and E. coli O157: H7 isolates causing diarrhea. Fems Microbiology Letters, 365(2), fnx275.
Shahin, K., Bao, H., Komijani, M., Barazandeh, M., Bouzari, M., Hedayatkhah, A., Zhang, L., Zhao, H., He, T., Pang, M., & Wang, R. (2019). Isolation, characterization, and PCR-based molecular identification of a siphoviridae phage infecting Shigella dysenteriae. Microbial Pathogenesis, 131, 175–180.
Styles, K. M., Locke, R. K., Cowley, L. A., Brown, A. T., & Sagona, A. P. (2022). Transposable element insertions into the Escherichia coli polysialic acid gene cluster result in resistance to the K1f bacteriophage. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(3), e211221.
Xi, H., Dai, J., Tong, Y., Cheng, M., Zhao, F., Fan, H., Li, X., Cai, R., Ji, Y., Sun, C., Feng, X., Lei, L., Rahman, S. U., Han, W., & Gu, J. (2019). The characteristics and genome analysis of vB_AviM_AVP, the first phage infecting Aerococcus viridans. Viruses-Basel, 11(2), 104.
Zhai, Y., Hu, S., Zhong, L., Lu, Z., Bie, X., Zhao, H., Zhang, C., & Lu, F. (2019). characterization of deoxynivalenol detoxification by Lactobacillus paracasei LHZ-1 isolated from yogurt. Journal of Food Protection, 82(8), 1292–1299.
Zhou, Y., Bao, H., Zhang, H., & Wang, R. (2015). Isolation and characterization of lytic phage vB_EcoM_JS09 against clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Intervirology, 58(4), 218–231.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972764), Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program (No. BE2022361), One belt One road Innovation Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province (BZ2021009) and the Foundation of Coastal Agricultural Science Observation and Experimental Station of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (No.YHS202109).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ZZ, YW and HL done the experiments and analyzed the experimental data. ZZ and HB wrote this article. HZ and YZ and RW contributed to revise the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors gave their consent for publication.
Competing interests
All authors declares that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhong, Z., Wang, Y., Li, H. et al. Characterization and genomic analysis of a novel E. coli lytic phage with extended lytic activity against S. Enteridis and S. Typhimurium. Food Prod Process and Nutr 6, 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00193-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00193-6